Summary

Tape 3 - Barrow Alaska / Thursday 07/21/05 Harry Brower Interview Craig(whale guy interview) bad interview Kirsten ? interview and b-roll of experiment T A P E T H R E E HARRY BROWER - LOCAL WAHLING CAPTAIN - INTERVIEW HE'S WEARING SHADES AND LOW TALKING AND WINDY SOUND - SUBSISTENCE RESEARCH COORDINATOR...DOCUMENTING SUBSISTENCE RESOURCES.... INTERVIEWED IN FRONT OF THE WHALE JAWS DISPLAY "ICE CHANGING - AS I WAS GROWING UP ICE USED TO COME RIGHT UP TO THE BEACH AND PILE UP TEN TWENTY FEET HIGH IN EARLY FALL AND NOW WE DON'T EVEN SEE THAT ANY MORE WE HAVE A LOT OF OPEN WATER "ANIMALS THAT HAVE BEEN EFFECTED AND THE PERMAFROST A LOT MORE ESPODED - A LOT MORE NOTICALE UP NORTH AT POINT BARROW "COULD BE GOOD FOR THE WHALES BUT MIGHT BE HARD FOR THE HUNTERS BECUASE OF THE ICE CONDIITONS WERE FACED WITH TODAY... THE ICE CONDITIONS ARE MUCH THINNER OVER THE COURSE OF WINTER - THE ICE ACCUMULATION IS NOT MUCH AS IT USED TO BE IN EARLIER YEARS - IN THE 70S AND EARLY 80S - ICE WAS MUCH HEAVIER AT THAT TIME IT CREATES AN ACCESS PROBLEM FOR US TO GET OUT AN TRAVEL ON THE ICE ...THE ICE IS MUCH THINNER AND WE CAN'T STAY OUT FOR LONG PERIODS OF TIME - HAVE TO COME BACK ON SHORE WHENEVER A CHANGE IN THE WIND CONSITIONS OR THE OCEAN CURRENTS IN TERMS OF HABITAT USE AND FEEDING - MRE OPEM WATER FOR THEM TO TRAVEL ONE - BETTER FOR THE WHALES - THAT'S MY THOUGHT ANYWAY HUNTING INLAND IS DIFFERENT - USUALLOY SET GILL NETS UNDERNEATH THE ICE - BUT THAT'S LATER IN THE FALL SO I'M NOT SURE IF IT'S BAD BUT WE'RE GOING THROUGH THE DIFFERENT CHANGES... WE'RE NOT ABLE CATCH AS MUCH FISH AS WE LIKE TO IN THE FALL... POLAR BEARS START SWIMMING ON TOWARD SHORE WE HAD DIFFERENT OBSERVATIONSFOR THE PAST THREE OR FOUR YEARS - WE'VE HAD POLAR BEARS ENDING UP ON GRAVEL ISLANDS AND NEAR THE POINT - ONCE THE ICE RECEDES OUT COUPLE HUNDRED MILES THERE'S NO ICE IN BETWEEN SO THEY'RE HAVING TO SWIM ALL THE WAY TO SHORE... AND WE'VE FOUND COPLE OF EM DROWNED OR DEAD - JUST WASHED UP - BECAUSE THERE'S NO ICE FOR THEM TO REST ON - THEY EVENTUALLY GET CAUGHT IN A STORM OR SOMETHING LIKE THAT AND END UP BEING DROWNED... THEY ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE ICE AND THE ICE IS RETREATING THAT'S BASICALLY WHERE THEY LIVE - HUNTING AND TRAVERSING OVER THE ICE OUT IN THE OCEAN - THEY EAT A LOT OF THE FAT FROM THE CARCASSES AND STUFF LIKE THAT... THERE'S BEEN A LOT OF DISCUSSIONS AND RESERACHERS COMING OUT TO BARROW AND THEY'RE MAKING PROJECTIONS AS TO WHAT IT'S GOING TO LOOK LIKE IN TEN TWELVE FIFTY YEARS AND THOSE PROJECTIONS ARE NOT TOO FAVORABLE FOR PEOPLE IN THE ARCTIC - REMAINS TO BE SEEN YET TAK TOPS AND T-SHIRTS - GONNA GET WARMER EROSION - BEACH EROSION - FACED WITH IT TODAY... SPENT A LOT OF MONEY REFURBISHING THE ROADS THAT ARE WASHED OUT - THE BUILDINGS ARE SAGGING AND SWAYING BECAUSE THE PERMAFROST MELTING - IF THE PILINGS AREN'T DEEP ENOUGH IT'LL EFFECT THE BUILDINGS DEFINITELY - 0750 WALK AND TALK THROUGH BASC BLDGS - - - - INTERVIEW WITH CRAIG GEORGE WILDLIFE BIOLOGIST WITH WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT OF THE NORHT SLOPE BURROUGH - HE ALSO WORKS WITH BASC ON DIFFERENT PROJECTS SITTING AT HIS COMPUTER I'VE LIVED HERE THIRTY YEARS AND DONE A LOT OF WORK ON THE ICE POPULATION BIOLOGY ESTIMATE BOWHEADS THAT MIGRATE - LEARNED A LOT ABOUT THE SE ICE AND THE HUNT - AND WE DO THE POST MORTEMS ON THE WHALES - AND WORK WITH THE HUNTERS CLOSELY ON THAT - THE KEY TO OUR SUCCESS IS WORKING WITH THE NATIVE HUNTERS CLOSELY ON THESE PROJECTS HERE'S A MIGRATING BOWHEAD IN A LEAD SYSTEM THE BOWHEADS ARE MIGRATING OUT TO THEBEARING PAST POINT BARROW TO THE EAST INTO THE CANADIAN WATERS THE TECHNIQUE IS TI STILL HUNT - HERE IN BARROW WHERE THEY STILL USE THE SKIN BOATS - AND THEY SET UP CAMPS ALONG THE ICE AND THEY'RE WAITING FOR THE BOWHEADS TO MIGRATE TYPICALLY WITHIN ABOUT A UNDRED YARDS OF THE ICE EDGE - NOW THIS IS ALREADY THREE MILES OFF SHORE SO THEY LAUNCH THE BOAT AND USE A HAND TRHOWN HARPOON ON THE ANILNA HERE'S A SHTO FO A BOWHEAD MOVING THROUGH A NARROW LEAD - YOU NEED MORE HERE'S A MORE OPEN WATER HUNTERS IN A BOAT CHASING DOWN A WHALE - TYPICALLY PRETTY CLOSE TO SHORE USUALLY NOT A PURSUIT THEN WHEN THEY'RE SUCCESSFUL - TWENTY YEARS BACK - TOWING IN THE WHALE - THEY PUT A BIG HEAVY STRAP ON THE FLUKES - SET UP A LOCK AND TACKLE - GEAR INTRODUCED BY YANKEE HUNTERS 120 YEARS AGO - GET ALL HANDS ON THE LINE AND START HAULING - EVEN LARGE ANIMALS YOU CAN SEE THE SCARS FROM ICE COLLISIONS THIS IS THE EYE GOT A GIGANTIC HEAD - LAYING IN ITS SIDE - BLOWHOLE HERE WHALE'S UP AND THEY BEGIN THE BUTHCHERIN PULL OFF BLUBBER FIRST AND THEN THE MUSCLE THE DIVISION OF THE WHALE IS COMPLICATED DIFFERENT PORTIONS TO DIFFERENT CREWS AND DIFFERENT FEASTS - ORGAN MEATS DIVISION PRETTY COMPLICATED SERIES OF TRADITIONAL RULES THEY USE TO DIVIDE UP THE ANIMAL... DIFFERENT PORTIONS KEPT FOR DIFFERENT FEASTS... THE ORGAN MEATS SAVED FOR CERTAIN FUNCTIONS ITS FAIRLY CIMPLICATED WE'VE BEEN LOOKING AT THE AMOUNT OF FAT - AT THE BLUBBER - 30 YEARS OF DATA ON BODY CONDITION INDEX IT LOOKS LIKE THESE ARE GOOD INDICATORS OF GENERAL HEALTH IF THE MOST LARGE CETACEANS OIF THEY'RE IN GOOD CONDITION HAVE A LOT OF BODY FAT PRODUCE A LOT OF CALVES IN THE ABSENSE OF THAT SKIP A NUMBER OF YEARS...AS WITH NORTH ATLANTIC GREY WHALES WE THINK WE CAN SEE AND EFFECT BETWEEN HEAVY ICE YEARS AND LIGHTER ICE YEARS - AND LIGHTER ICE YEARS SLIGHTLY BETTER CONDITION - AND RECENT YEARS CALVING IS GOING WELL SPECIFICALLY FOR BOWHEADS HEAVY ICE YEARS THERE'S SOME INDICATIONS FOR OTHER ANIMALS THOSE ARE TOUGH CONDITIONS PRODUCTIVITY WAS LOW.. REPRODUCTIVE FAILURES MODERATE ICE CONDITION IS PROBABLY WHAT THESE ANIMALS MOST HIGHLY ADAPTED TO IN RECENT YEARS THE SEA ICE IS WITHDRAWING TWO OR THREE HUNNDRED MILES FROM THE COAST OR FURTHER... THE HARD EVIDENCE IS A LITTLE UNCLEAR... WE'RE STILL LOOKING AT VARIOUS LINES OF EVIDENCE TO SEE IF WE CAN FIGURE OUT BUT LOOKS LIKE CORRELATION BETWEEN ICE RETREAT AND OEPNING VAST AREAS AND MELT OUT OF SEA ICE AND RELEASING ICE ALGEAS - GIVE IN THIS ANIMAL HIGHER CALVING AND REPRODUCTIVE 1824 FOR THESE WHALES, INITIALLY, THERE HASN'T BEEN A NEGATIVE RESPONSE AND THERE MAY IN FACT BE SOME POSTIVE RESPONSES.... 1850 OUR GUESS IS THAT INITIALLY THERE MAY BE BETTER FEEDING OPPORTUNITIES BUT IF THE ICE RETREATS FURTHER - THIS IS AN ICE ADDAPTED ANIMAL VERY SLOW BREEDERS LATE WITH SEXUAL MATURITY - LIVING 150 YEARS OR SO - SO EVEYTHTHING IS KIND OF SLOWED DOWN IN BOWHEADS - VERY POOER COMPETITIORS WITH OTHER CETACEANS - SO OTHER SPECIES OF WHALES MOVE IN OR CHANGES IN PREY TYPES I THINK THEY'LL DO POORLY - PLUS IF SHIPPING LANES MORE IN WE ALREAEDY KNOW THAT RIGHT WHALES ARE DO POORLY IN TERMS OF AVOIDING SHIPS AND VESSELS THAT MAKE US EAST COAST PROBLEMS WITH N ATLANTIC RIGHT WHALES KILLED AND NET ENTAGLEMENT AND IF FISHING INDUSTRY MOVES NORTH - WHICH IT'S DOING AND CRAB INDUSTRY MOVES NORTH THAT AINT GOOD EITHER WE'VE SEEN A NUMBER OF ANUMALS WITH CRAB GEAR WRAPPED ARND THEM FLIPPERS AND FLUKES AND GAPE OF MOUTH AND ARGUABLY THE THINK THAT KILLS MOST WHALES WORKWIDE IS FISHING ENTABGLEMENT... SO THE POINT IS THAT INITIALLY THERE MAY BE A SMALL BENEFITR TO THE POPULATION BUT IN THE LONG TERM AN ICE ADAPTED CETACEAN LIKE THIS ONE IS PROBABLY NOT GOING TO DO VERY WELL FOR A WHILE HOST OF REASONS IF THERE'S COMPETITIORS FROM OTHER WHALE ESPECIES, IF THERE'S SHIFTS IN THE TYPE OF PREY THEY PREFER - IT WON'T BE GOOD FOR BOWHEADS... Q ANOTHER EXAMPLE OF OMINOUS DON'T KNOW NEW KINDS OF UNCERTAINTIES... SURE IF THERE'S A MAJOR CHANGE IN HABITAT HERE THEY CAN'T THEY WON'T DO WELL THESE ARE SLOW BREEDERS AND THEY ARE NOT THE KIND OF ANIMAL THAT CAN ADAPT QUICKLY TO CHANGE... THIS IS SOME OF THE POPULATION WORK WE'VE DONE 2410 POINTS TO GRAPH THAT'S A STEADY RISING LINE:S THE RATE OF INCREASE OF POPULATION OVER THE CINE 78 SO OVER THIS PERIOD OF WARMING THEY'VE DONE PRETTY WELL - ... HIGHEST CALF PRODUCTION - BUT AGAIN WHERE THIS CURVE IS GOING TO GO IN THE FUTURE IS ANYONE'S GUESS... THIS IS A SCHEMATIC OF THE SEA ICE HERE - HERE'S THE SHORE-FAST ICE AND THE HUNTERS ARE OUT HERE... ALONG ICE EDGE NEAR ACTIVE FLAW ZONE P THE HUNTERS ARFE SEEING AND WE ARE THAT THERE'S LESS MULTI-YEAR ICE AND THIS WHOLE SYSTEM ISN'T AS STABLE AS IT WAS - SO WE'RE HAVING TROUBLE DOING OUR WHALE COUNTS OFF THE EDGE... SO WE'RE EXPLORING WHOLE NEW WAY TO CONT THAT DON'T REQUIRE CAMPING ON THE ICE... THE STABILITY AND THICKNESS FO THE SHORE-FAST ICE... THE CHARACTER IS CHAINGING - LESS MULTI-YEAR ICE THAT WE SAW IN THE OLD DAYS... OF THIS TOUGH OLD ICE - LIKE CONCRETE... NOW ITS NOT GOT BIG CHUNKS OF MULTI YEAR... NOT THAT SHORE FAST IS THINNER BUT NOT AS STABLE AS IT WAS - IT'S CHANING, YEAH IT'S DEFINITLY CHANING IN THE OLD DAYS IT WAS DAMN COLD IN THE SPRING - WE HAD THIRTY OR FORTY BELOW INTO MAY AND WE DON'T WEE THAT NOW... 2744 NOW IT'S TYPICALLY NOT THE CASE... A LOT OF VARIATION BUT IN SOME YEARS HASN'T REQUIRED ANY TRAIL BUILDING AND THE TEMPERATURES AHVE BEEN FAIRLY MILD... - - - - 2800 KIRSTIN SKADBERG STEPS OUT OF SHED TO SHOW US HER COMPLEX INSTURMENT... "SO OUT IN THE ISLAND IT WILL RUN EITHER ON A WIND GENERATOR OR A GAS GENERATOR - RRIGHT NOW JUST PLUGGED INT AC KNEELS DOWN TO WORK ON HER INSTURMENT THERE 2850 WORKS ON IT SOME MORE - "ONE OF THE BIG PROBLEMS WORKING OUTSIDE IS ACTUALLY TRYING TO SEE THE MONOTOIR OF THE COMPUTER SOME OF THE BAD ONES YOU HAVE TO USE YOUR COAT AND MAKE A TENT... THIS ONE DESIGNED TO BE USED OUTSIDE SO NOT SO BAD... WE COULD USE THIS TO CUT TO BRITT DOING THAT VERY THING AT HER TOWER ON THE ISLAND 2930 COMES OUT OF DOOR AGAIN... STOOPS DOWN TO WORK ON HER INSTRUMENTS... WATER EXCHANGE WOBBLES INTO GLASS TUBE ETC... PUTS PARTS TOGETHER... 3036 CU SHE AADJUSTS WIRES AND TIGHTENS ETC 3135 GLASS TUBES AND WATER COMES OUT... HUM OF MOTOR... 3218 PAN UP FROM LAPTOP TO HERE FIDLLING WITH IT ALL SHE GETS A TOOL AND GOES IN AND FIXES IT... 3302 "ALRIGHT - THAT'S PRETTY CLOSE" 3345 "THAT DATA ON THAT SCREEN IS COMING FROM THIS INSTURMENT RIGHT HERE WHICH IS AN INFRARED GAS ANALYSER..." 335O "HA! NOW! NOW IT SHOULD BE WORKING.' GETS UP FROM FIXING IT... 3420 THIS SYSTEM RIGHT IS GOING TO MEASURE THE CONCENTRATIONT OF CO2 IN THE WATER NEAR THE EDDY-COVARIANCE TOWER I HAVE ON COOPER ISLAND... SO 3437 THE EDDY COAVRIENCE CARBON DIOXID FLUX DIRECTLY SDSU ECOLOGY DOCTORAL (ATMOSPHERIC SCINECE) 3620 THE OCEANS ARE THE BIGGEST SINK OF CARBIN ON THE PLANET - OF CO2 3628 THEY TAKE UP MORE CO2 THAN ANY POTHER SURFACE ON THE PLANET... L I N E - THERE ARE STILL PIECES OF THE PUZZLE TO PUT TOGETHER - SUCH AS HOW MUCH CO2 THE OCEANS TAKE UP... AND KIRSTIN SKADBERG IS WORKING ON THAT...VITAL KNOWLEDGE WE WILL NEED IN THE SEARCH FOR POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS... 3645 THE WORLD'S OCEANS TAKE UP MORE CARBON DIOXIDE OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE... 3710 THE WORLD'S OCEANS TAKE UP A LOT OF ATMOSPHERIC CO2 - PROBABLY IT'S THE BIGGEST SURFACE ON THE PLANET FOR TAKING UP CO2 - SO WHAT I'M INTERESTED IN IS UNDERSTANDING WHICH PARTS OF THE OCEAN TAKE UP MORE COS - OR GIVE OFF CO2 - AND SO IT TURNS OUT, BECUASE ARCTIC WATER IS COLD - THAT - CO2 DISSOLVES WELL IN COLD WATER AND IT PROBABLY IS A LOCATION THAT A LOT OF CO2 IS TAKEN OUT OF THE ATMOSPHERE... 3745 THIS INSTRUMENT SYSTEM IS MEASUREING THE CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN THE WATER... SO IF I KNOW THE CONCENTARTION OF CO2 IN THE WATER - AND I KNOW THE CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN THE AIR - THEN I CAN MAKE A GUESS AT HOW MUCH CO2 IS EITHER GOING INTO THE OCEAN FROM THE AIR, OR INTO THE AIR FROM THE OCEAN. 3810 IF WE WANT TO UNDERSTAND WHAT IS GOING TO HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE WITH CO2 IN THE ATMOSPHERE - AND CO2 IS A GREENHOUSE GAS, SO THE MORE CO2 THAT'S IN THE ATMOSPHERE, THE WARMER THE PLANET GETS... THEN WE HAVE TO UNDERSTGAND WHAT SURFACES ARE TAKING IT UP AND WHAT SURFACES AR GIVING IT OFF - CO2. 3840 AS THE OCEAN CHANGES, THEN IT'S ABILITY TO TAKE UP CO2 ALSO CHANGES - SO IF WE WANT TO UDNERSATND HOW THE OCEAN IS GOING TO TAKE UP CO2 IN THE FUTURE - HOW MUCH IT'S GONNA TAKE UP, IS IT GONNA GIVE IT OFF - HOW WILL THAT CHANGE. WE HAVE TO UNDERSTAND SOEMTHING ABOUT HOW THE SYSTEM WORKS - SO HOW MUCH IS DISSOLVED, HOW THAT CHANGES WITH TEMPERATURE, HOW THAT CHANGES WITH SLAINITY, HOW THAT CHANGES FROM THE ARCTIC TO SAN DIEGO - OR WHATEVER - SO LOOKING AT THIS NOW GOIVES US AN IDEA OF WHAT'S HAPPENING NOW - AND THEN LOOKING AT IT OVER TIME WHICH IS WHAT I HOPE TO DO - WILL HELP US, IT'S JUST ONE MORE PIECE OF THE PUZZLE - OF UNDERSTANDING THIS COMPLICATED PICTURE OF HOW IS CO2 FLUX - HOW IS THE EXCHANGE OF CO2 INTO THE ATMOSPHERE CHANGIING WITH TIME AND HOW IS THAT GOING TO EFFECT GLOBAL WARMING... BBOFFCAM - SO THIS HELPING US PREDICT HOW GLOBAL WARMING IS GOING TO HAPPEN 3942 EXACTLY AND THAT'S THE KEY WORD - PREDICTION. I THINK REALLY WHAT MOST OF US ARE TRYING TO DO IN CLIMATE SCIENCE IS UNDERSTAND IN THE FUTURE HOW COLD THINGS CHANGE. Q GW IS CHALLENGING US TO KNOW MORE ABOUT THE WORLD THAN WE KNEW BEFORE 4000 IT DOES AND IT'S ALSO ILLUSTRATING THE IDEA THAT EVERYTHING IS INTERCONNECTED. SO HERE WE ARE IN THE ARCTIC - THERE AREN'T A LOAD OF CARS UP HERE DRIVING AROUND, BUT YET THE IMPACT FROM ALL THE BEHAVIOR THAT WE DO IN THE UNITED STATES AND OTHER COUNTRIES IS IMPACTING THIS PLACE. 4030 IT DOESN'T SPREAD EVENLY EVERYWHERE - THERE IS A HIGHER CONCENTRATION OF CO2 IN THE NORHTERN HEMISPHERE BECAUSE THERE IS MORE LAND IN THE NORHTERN HEMISPHERE AND MORE PEOPLE DRIVING CARS IN TH ENORHTERN HEMISPHERE... 4055 A TOWER WITH SOME INSTRUMENTS - MEASUREING SIMILAR TO WHAT 4115 WHAT WE ON COOPER ISLAND IS A TOWER WITH INSTURMENTS - ON THE NORTH SIDE OF THE ISLAND - THE REASON LOCATED THERE BECASE PREVAILING WINDS FROM THE NORTHESAST SO WE WANT THE WIND TO HIT THE OCEAN AND THEN HIT THE INSTRUMENTS - SO TAHT GIVES US A SENSE OF THE CO2 EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE AIR AND THE WATER... SO WHILE THAT TOWER IS MEASUREING THE CO2 IN THAT AT WAY, THIS INSTURMENT WILL MEASURE THE CO2 EXCHANGE BY MEASUREING THE WATER - AND THEN THOSE TWO CAN BE COMPARED TO VAIDATE THE RESULTS THAT WE GET. 4210 SO THAT ONE'S MEASUREING AIR THIS ONES MEASUREING WATER BUT THEY SHOULD GIVE AUS A SIMILAR ESTIMATE OF HOW CO2 IS MOVING BETWEEN THE AIR AND THE WATER THERE... 4235 WE KNOW THAT IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC, CO2 IS TAKEN UP - PART OF THAT IS BECAUSE THE WATER'S COLD, AND MORE CO2 CAN DISSOLVE IN COLD WATER JUST AS IN A GLASS OF SODA - AS IT WARMS UP, ALL THE CORBONATION GOES AWAY...SO I THINK THAT WHAT I'LL FIND IS THAT THE CO2 IS BEING TAKEN UP BY THE OCEAN THERE NEAR COOPER ISLAND... 4310 I TEACH TOO AND PEOPLE ARE INTERESTED IN THIS STUFF AND PEOPLE KNOW SOMETHING ABOUT IT AND CARE AND ASK GOOD QUESTIONS AND EVEN IF NOT CHOOSE WORTH THEIR TIME 4340 DO YOU FEEL A SENSE OF RESENTMENT THAT YOU'VE GOT THIS PROBLEM LEFT TO YOU BY THE LAST GENERATION? 4345 NOT SO MUCH BECAUSE I THINK NOW IS WHEN WE'RE STARTING TO UDNERSTAND REALLY THAT IT'S A PROBLME SO I CAN'T BALME SOMEBODY FOR DOING SOMETHING THAT THEY DIDN'T KNOW THEY WERE DOING, BUT IF THIS GENERATION DOESN'T DO SOMETHING, THEN THE NEXT GENERATION DOES NEED TO BLAME US, BECUASE NOW WE'RESTARTING TO UNDERSTAND WHAT'S HAPPENING... 4500 WHAT WE HAVE ON COOPER ISALND IS A TOWER - A METAL STRUCTURE - THAT HAS TWO INSTURMENTS LOCATED ABOUT TWO METERS ABOVE THE SAND, SO IT'S ON EHT EBEACH, IT'S ON EHTE NORTH SIDE FOT HE ISLAND, THERE AREN'T A LOT OF WAVES TYPILCALLY SO THE WATER DOESN'T COEM VERY FAR UP ON THE BEACH SO I'M ABLE TO PUT THE TOWER FAIRLY CLOSE TO THE WATER WHICH IS GOD BECAUSE THE LESS LAND THERE IS BETWEEN THE WATER AND MY TOWER, THE MORE OF MY SIGNAL COMING TO MY INSTRUMENTS IS COMING FROM THE WATER...SO THE ELEVATION OF THE INSTURMENTS ABOVE SEA LEVEL IS ABOUT SEVEN METERS, WHICH MEANS THAT WE HAVE A CERTAIN SIZE OF AN AREA THAT WE ARE SO WE HAVE A CERTAIN SIZE OF AREA THAT WE ARE MONITORING IN THE OCEAN, AND ACTUALLY UNLESS THE WIND COEMS FROM RIGHT SIDE I CAN'T USE DATA - SO WHAT WE DID PUT IT IN A LOCATION WEHRE MOST TIME PASSING OVER OCEAN AND MY INSTURMENTS... 4611 I'M MEASUREING THE AMOUNT OF CARBONDIOXIDE IN THE AIR AND THE AMOUNT OF WATER IN THE AIR - AND WHEN WE COMING THAT WITH THE DIRECTION THE WIND IS BLOWING WE CAN AN ESTIMATE OF THE AMOUNT OF CO2 BETWEEN THE AIR AND THE SURFACE BELOW IT, AND IN THIS CASE THE SURFACE BELOW IT IS THE OCEAN. 4648 WE WANTED TO FACE THE PREVAILING WIND - ON THE ISLAND GET WIND FROM OCEAN AND WE'RE COOPERATING WITH GEORGE DIVOKY WHO IS STUDYING GUILLEMOTS THERE, AND HIS HELP HAS PRETTY MUCH BEEN INVALUABLE...I MEAN HE WORKS ON THE TOWER AND COLLABORATES WITH US EVERYDAY... 4722 HIS LOCAL KNOWLEDGE WAS WHAT I USED ABOUT WHERE TO PUT THE TOWER - GET WIND FROM RIGHT PLACE - DEPENDED - AND HE'S BEEN GREAT AND REALLY IS EXCITED 4810 AS A SCIENTIST IF ANYTHING YOU SEE THE COMPLEXITY MORE, AND SO IT BECOMES MORE OF A PUZZLE, THERE'S MORE PARTS TO TRY TO UNDERSTAND. IF I'M IN THE PUBIC I MIGHT THINK OH WELL IT LOOKS LIKE THE RESEARCH SHOWS THAT THE GLOBAL TEMPERATURE IS INCREASING - AND THAT'S TRUE - BUT AS A SCIENTIST I HAVE TO LOOK AT IT FROM ALL THESE DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW: THE TEMPERATURE'S INCREASING IN THIS ARE, BUT DECREASING IN THIS AREA - THE AVERAGE IS INCREASING BUT WHY IS THAT HAPPENING, HOW IS THAT GOING TO CHANGE IN THE FUTURE...SO IT'S A BIG PROBLEM, BUT IT'S A DIFFERENT LOOK TO THE PROBLEM, BECUASE IT BECOMES A BIG PUZZLE - AT THEAT POINT - I THINK. IT'S BEYOND JUST WHAT CAN I DO TO STOP PUTTING CO2 IN THE AIR. IT'S HOW CAN I UNDERSTAND THIS WHOLE SYSTEM AND FIGURE OUT WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN IN TEN YEARS, OR A HUNDRED YEARS, OR A THOUSAND, YEARS. 4903 WHEN YOU MODEL A SITUATION AND TRY TO MAKE A GUESS AOUT WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN IN THE FUTURE - MOST OF OUR MODELS ARE PROBABLISTIC WHICH MEANS THAT WE THINK WITH SOME PROBABLITY THIS MIGHT HAPPEN OR WITH SOME PROBABILITY THAT MIGHT HAPPEN AND SO IF WE HAVE A 70 PERCENT PROBABILITY THE TEMPERTURE MIGHT INCREASE WE HAVE A THIRTY PRECENT PRPBABILITY THAT IT'S NOT - AND SO WE HAVE TO WORK WITH ALL THESE DIFFERENT POSSIBILITIES FOR THE FUITURE BECASE WE DON'T KNOW FOR SURE WHAT'S GOING TO HAPPEN. 4940 WELL, IF SOMEBODY SAID TO YOU THERE'S A 90% CHANCE THAT THERE'S GOING TO BE A DOWNPOUR WHEN YOU WALK OUT OF YOUR HOUSE, DO YOU THINK YOU MIGHT BRING A RAINCOAT? MOST PEOPLE MIGHT THINK ABOUT IT PRETTY SERIOUSLY. BUT WHEN WE SAY THERE'S A 90% CHANCE THERE WE COULD HAVE THE NEXT, YOU KNOW, ICE AGE OR SOMETHING, PEOPLE GO AW YEAH IT'S JUST A GUESS - BUT IT'S NOT NECESSARILY ANY LESS REAL OF A POSSIBILITY. 5020 WE JUST DON'T TALK TO EACH OTHER - SOME SCIENTISTS ARE SO FOCUSED ON THEIR WORK AND GETTING GOOD RESEARCH, WHICH IS IMPORTANT, THAT THEY DON'T TAKE THE TIME TO EXPLAIN WHAT THEY'RE SEEING IN TERMS THAT PEOPLE CAN UNDERSTAND - AND THAT'S SOMETHING I DO SEE SICENTIST WORKING ON - I THINK A LOT OF SCIENTISTS ARE STARTING TO REALIZE THAT IF WE DON'T MAKE WHAT WE'RE DOING ACCESSIBLE TO PEOOPLE IN SOME CASES WE MAY AS WELL NOT DO IT. IN SOME INSTANCES PUBLIC AND STUDENTS ARE TRYNG - BUT THERE WILL ALWAYS BE SOME PEOPLE WHO CARE MORE ABOUT BEING COMFORTALE THAN THEY DO ABOUT DOING THE RIGHT THING OR IMPROVING OR AT LEAST NOT RUINING THE PLANET FOR THE NEXT GENERATION, AND i DON'T KNOW WHAT TO DO ABOUT THOSE PEOPLE. I MEAN I THINK WE'LL ALWAYS HAVE PEOPLE LIKE THAT. Q EXPECT GLOBAL WEARM INCRASE OVER THE NEXT 30 40 YEARS 5225 YEAH. I THINK IT WILL. I DON'T KNOW THAT FOR A FACT, BUT i THINK THE CHANCES ARE THAT IT WILL AND IT'S GONNA HAVE SOME LARGE IMPACTS THAT WILL BE UNDENIABLE - WITHIN THE LIFETIMES OF PEOPLE THAT ARE ALIVE TODAY... 5135 (MOST DRAMATIC CHANGES?) WELL THAT'S A TOUGH QEUSTION BECAUSE THE TIME FRAMEIS AN ISSUE, AND THAT'S THE HARD PART, WHEN YOU TALK ABOUT PROBABLITITES YOU DON'T KNOW WHAT COMPBINATION OF THOSE DIFFERENT THINGS WILL HAPPEN AND HOW THOSE WILL IMPACT EACH OTHER. BUT I THINK THINGS LIKE SEA LEVEL RISE - WELL THAT'S ALREADY HAPPENING - WE'RE ALREADY SEEING THAT, SO I THINK WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE TO SEE THAT AND AT SOME POINT THE STATE OF FLORIDA - IF THE WATER LEVEL ROSE A FOOT A LOT OF FLORIDA WILL BE UNDERWATER, AND THEN I THINK A LOT OF PEOPLE WOULD CARE, YOU KNOW. 5320 ANOTGHER BIG ONE THAT'S ALREADY HAPPENING TOO IS THE CHANGE IN THE RANGE OFDIFFERNT SPECIES... SO I THINK WE'RE GONNA SEE ANIMALS SO I THINK WE'RE GONNA SEE ANIMALS POPPING UP IN AREAS WHERE THEY DIDN'T BEFORE... AND DISAPPEARING FROM AREAS THAT THEY NOW INHABIT AND I THINK THAT'S ANOTHER ONE THAT PEOPLE WILL NOTICE... BECAUSE ONCE IT STARTS IMPACTING PEOOPLE'S LIVES - LIKE HEY WE USED TO GO FISHING FOR THSIE AND THAT ONE TYPE OF FISH ISN'T THERE ANYT MORE - THOSE CHANGES ARE HAPPEING NOW, SO I THINK WE'RE GOING TO CONTINUE TO SEE THOSE. Q YOU DON'T HAVE AN END OF THE WORLD FEELING ABOUT THIS A NO, NOT AT ALL, NOT AT ALL, AND I'LL TELL YOU WHY - I THINK HUMAN BEINGS ARE EXTREMELY ADAPTIVE AND CLEVER, AND IT'S KIND OF AN ENCOURAGING THING TOO - I THINK THAT IF PEOPLE DECIDE THAT THEY CARE ABOUT THIS, THAT WE'LL FIGURE OUT A WAY TO DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT, AND I DO HAVE FAITH IN THAT - SO I THINK THAT'S ONE OF THE REASON THAT THIS WORK IS EXCITING, IS THAT YOU HAVE THIS SENSE THAT IF YOU DID COME UP WITH A GOOD IDEA, YOU COULD SHOW POEPLE HEY LOOK, HERE'S SOME EVIDENCE, THIS HAPPENING, AND PEOPLE SAID HEY YOU KNOW WHAT WE CARE - THAT YOU REALLY COULD MAKE A CHANGE. (SMILES) YOU GENERATION SOUNDS LIKE IT'S READY TO WORK ON IT WELL, I AM. 5340 CLOSEUP CH20 ANALYZER... 5420 KIRSTEN SKADBERG WLAKS ALONG OUTDOORS TALKING W/ BB BB SO YOU DON'T FEEL LIKE YOU'RE IN A TOTAL PANIC ABOUT GLOBAL WARMING NO I DON'T BECAUSE I THINK THAT IF ANYTHING MAJOR HAPPENS, IT WILL HAPPEN GRADUALLY ENOUGH THAT WE'LL HAVE A CHANCE THAT WE'LL HAVE A CHANCE TO THINK ABOUT HOW TO HANDLE IT. BB NOT TOO ABRUPT - KS WELL, IT COULD BE ABRUPT - BUT, BUT YEAH, I THINK IT WILL...BUT TOO I MEAN HUMANS ARE REALLY GOOD AT FIGURING OUT SOLUTIONS TO THINGS. (******PAUSE HERE - THEY WALK OFF CAMERA AT "HUMANS ARE REALLY GOOD..." AND WE'RE LEFT LOOKING AT FASCINATING SHOT OF BIG OLD BOAT HIGH ON CRADLE - GOES REALLY WELL WITH THE THOUGHT SHE JUST PRESENTED. THEN OFF CAMERA HER VOICE CONTINUES:) SO I HAVE FAITH. ONCE WE SCIENTISTS... ONCE WE ECOLOGISTS FIGURE OUT WHAT'S HAPPENING, I THINK THE ENGINEERS WILL JUMP IN AND HELP US OUT. 5510 KS SO I GUESS I HAVE FAITH THAT ONCE WE ECOLOGISTS FIGURE OUT WHAT'S GOING ON THE ENGINEERS WILL BE ABLE TO JUMP IN AND COME UP WITH A SOLUTION - FOR HOW TO FIX IT. 5525 Q DELUSION WE CAN FIX IT - WE'VE DONE IT THIS TIME... WELL YOU KNOW WHAT THOUGH - IF THAT'S TRUE, THEN WHY WORRY ABOUT IT - I MEAN IF WE CAN DO SOMETHING ABOUT IT THEN LET'S DO IT. IF WE CAN'T, I'M NOT GOING TO SPEND THE REST OF MY DAYS WORRYING ABOU TIT. I'M JUST GOING TO DO WHAT I CAN. BB BUT THE TRUTH IS WE DON'T KNOW YET AT ALL. KS WE DON'T KNOW. NO. THAT'S TRUE. AND I THINK AS LONG AS WE - I DON'T THINK THERE'S A VERY GOOD CASE FOR SAYING THERE'S NOTHING WE CAN DO ABOUT IT - AT THIS POINT. THERE'S LOTS OF THINGS WE CAN DO ABOUT IT. BB IN ADDITION TO CUTTING THE EMISSIONS KS YEAH - WELL I MEAN, THERE'S LOTS OF BEHAVIORS THAT WE COULD CHANGE - WE CAN STOP CONSUIMNG SO MUCH STUFF AND STOP DRIVING OUR SUVs SO MKUCH AND YOU KNOW START PAYING ATTENTION TO WHAT'S GOING ON IN THE REST OF THE WORLD - THAT WOULD BE A GOOD START I THINK. 5620 A LOT OF MY KNOWLEDGE SOMES FROM READING PAPERS ABOUT IT AND LISTENING TO LECTURES ABOUT IT, NOT WELL I USED TO PLAY IN GIANT SNOWDRIFTS WHEN I WAS A KID AND THEY'RE NOT THERE ANY MORE - BUT THAT IS ALSO TRUE. BUT I DO THINK WHEN I WAS A KIDS THERE WAS MOUNTAINS OF SNOW EVERY YEAR IN MICHIGAN, WE HAD HUGE SNOWDRFITS - I GUESS I WAS ALSO SMALLER BUT IT DEFINITELY IS CHANGING, I THINK. WORST CASE SCENARIO... TO ME JUST PERSONALLY ONE OF THE BIGGEST PROBLEMS WILL BE WATCHING ANIMAL SPECIES DISAPPEAR... BUT THAT'S JUST SOMETHING THAT'S IMPORTANT TO ME PERSONALLY - ASIDE FROM THE FACT THAT THINGS ARE INTERCONNECTED AND WE DON'T KNOW WHAT COULD HAPPEN IF JUST ONE SPECIES GOES EXTINCT... I THINK JUST KNOWING THAT THOSE THINGS ARE PRECIOUS AND BEING LOST IS PRETTY DEPRESSING. BB DO YOU THINK THIS WILL BE AN OPPORTUNITY FOR NATIONS TO LEARN ABOUT COOPERATING WITH EACH OTHER? KS 5735 OH THEY HAVE TO. I MEAN THERE'S NO CHOICE. IF WE'RE GONNA CONFROINT THIS ISSUE WE HAVE TO COOPERATE. END OF TAPE THREE