Location: Johannesburg, South Africa <br/> <br/>Story about South Africa withdrawing from the Commonwealth and becoming a Republic <br/> <br/>Various shots of Black Sash procession as it moves along Eloff Street, Johannesburg's main thoroughfare. MS. Procession arrives at the City Hall, Johannesburg. CU. Lady speaker at the City Hall protest meeting. LS. Line of women with posters denouncing apartheid. Elevated GVs. protest meeting. <br/> <br/>Overhead panning shots of massed crowds at Jan Smuts airport, showing Comet IV plane on tarmac. LS. South Africa prime minister Dr. Verwoerd standing at top of gangway greets the crowd, pan over crowd to show them waving flags which are mainly the old Transvaal and Orange Free State Republic flags. Various shots, guard of honour on the tarmac and twenty-one gun salute. Various shots, Verwoerd inspects Guard of honour. Verwoerd ascends rostrum with his wife and greets crowd with raised hands. LS. Verwoerd clasps hands with the speaker in attitude of welcome. LS. Verwoerd displays presentation tray to crowd. LS. Verwoerd addresses crowd. LS. As great crowd disperses and are seen walking between sea of parked cars. (Mute Orig. Neg.)

Security Council meeting on South Africa crisis at United Nations headquarters in New York, United States. Dignitary speaks during the council meeting. Name plates in front of him read 'President' and 'United States'. Dignitaries and personnel present at the meeting. The Security Council places South Africa's apartheid crisis on its agenda, over South Africa protests. Meanwhile in South Africa, the native work stoppage continues and thousands march in protest against government policies. Factories near sea. People stand in a line at a shop. Native black South African residents protest and carry caskets as they demonstrate on road. Location: South Africa. Date: March 31, 1960.

BARS. VS OF DEMONSTRATORS AGAINST AND FOR APARTHEID PROTEST IN FRONT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN EMBASSY. RANDALL ROBINSON, HEAD OF TRANSAFRICA, AN ANTI APARTHEID ORGANIZATION, SPEAKS BEFORE THE CROWD. CR:313. JAMES FARMER OF THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE) ADDRESSES THE GROUP. CI: PERSONALITIES: ROBINSON, RANDALL. PERSONALITIES: FARMER, JAMES. DEMONSTRATIONS: ANTI APARTHEID, DC, WASHINGTON.

Black anti-Apartheid demonstrators carrying placard signs during a march / an African National Congress banner, rally crowd listens to speaker on dais Anti-Apartheid rally on April 06, 1952 in South Africa (Footage by Getty Images)

Blacks and Whites protest police brutality, South Africa protest, apartheid

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Video footage from the KXAS-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story. This story aired at 10:00 P.M.

Anti-apartheid protesters sitting together.

GENERATIONS OF RESISTANCE HUSH HOGGIES HUSH: TOM JOHNSON'S PRAYING PIGS

MIRIAM MAKEBA - XSHOSA SONG MIRIAM MAKEBA - XSHOSA SONG (JACK LINKLETTER CHEERFULLY TALKS ABOUT MAKEBA'S PROTEST OVER SOUTH AFRICAN APARTHEID).

08:16 ""Black Consciousness Movement"" by Andrew Jones. Various leaders of anti-apartheid movements in South Africa talk about their struggle. In Johannesburg, protesters sing and dance while boarding a bus. 15:13 ""Krishna vs. Christians"" by Nancy Cain. A short video about a Hare Krishna parade in Venice Beach, California and the Christians who are on hand to protest it. 36:13 ""Habitat for Humanity"" by Nancy Cain. Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter help put up a house for a black family in San Diego. Picketers protest because an environmental impact survey wasn't conducted at the construction site.

00:00:00:00 B-roll marchers chant &amp; walk to protest S Africa&apos;s apartheid. (0:00)/

In 1960, apartheid protests take place in South Africa; an assassin attempts to kill the Prime Minister.

Scenes of an anti-apartheid protest in London held by the Anti-Apartheid Movement. Police push back against crowds of people. An injured protester is taken on a stretcher to an ambulance.

African civilians protest in Sharpeville, South Africa. Civilians gather on a street outside a police station. They demonstrate against government apartheid laws and against policies which require the civilians to carry passes all the time. People holding boards and placards. A sign reads: 'Freedom in our lifetime'. Police fire at the demonstrators. Many people are killed and injured in the police action which became known as the Sharpeville massacre. Dead bodies and wounded men lying on the street. Location: Sharpeville South Africa. Date: March 21, 1960.

Dumisani Kumalo The last time I saw Mr. Mandela was in early June 1973. I was one of the few people other than his wife and prison guards who had been allowed to see him in the first 10 years that he had been in prison. Mr. Mandela had requested that I visit him so that he could express his condolences for the death of my fifth child. Nelson Mandela and I I will marry two sisters, Winnie Mandela and a younger sibling, my wife Dunya Nisa, we met on Robben Island, a cold, windswept rock of the coast of Cape Town, Mr. Mandela came to the visitors room with his head high. He was surrounded by four prison warders. There was a glass wall between us, but I could see that his palms were covered with calluses from the stones he had been breaking for 10 years. Amazingly, when Mr. Mandela began to speak, he never uttered a word of self pity. Instead, I left the prison feeling sorry for my own self, he had more hope than I did. I left my country four years later, in the time that has passed Mr. Mandela has become larger than life. His name is mentioned with reverence by people, millions who had not even born when he went to jail. They talk and sing of Comrade Mandela as if he was once walked among them, or even touch them. Finally, Mandela is free. But to appreciate the Mandela legend, one has to go back to the days even before South Africa was known as the land of apartheid. The year was 1940, 22 year old Holy Father, Nelson Mandela arrived in Johannesburg to work as a mine boy in the gold mines. This was the only way African men were allowed to come to the City of Gold. South Africa long dominated by the Dutch and English colonists was only interested in Africans for the cheap labor they provided in 1948. On the promise of strengthening already exists in segregation laws, the African Nationalist Party came to power, their aim total racial domination and separation. To make South Africa totally white and pure, apartheid was born. The word apartheid, and Africans English hybrid literally means partners. Over the next several years, Mandela became one of the leading anti apartheid activists, he led an organized campaign of strikes and boycotts in open defiance of the racist laws of the land. On March 21, 1960, the South African police shot and killed 69 people and maimed another 200 during a peaceful protest held in Sharpeville, a township south of Johannesburg, South Africa was never the same again. The whole country exploded. For the first time the struggle for freedom in South Africa caught the attention of the entire world. South Africa became ruled by the GM the ANC was banned. Nelson Mandela left the country without a passport and went overseas. Within his country, Mr. Mandela became a wanted man, the most wanted man in South Africa. The search for him intensified. After months of looting the police, Mandela was caught in 1962 and sentenced to life imprisonment without parole. It was the hope of the South African regime that the name Mandela would be wiped clean of the memories of the South African people. For many years, it was illegal to mention Nelson Mandela's name, even in private to circulate his picture or to repeat any words he had ever uttered. But Mr. Mandela remained defined. He never gave up hope, he never surrendered. A theologian once told me that Dr. Martin Luther King marched in the southern United States, not to be free, but because he was free. Mr. Mandela remained free even in jail. His Spirit gave us on the outside the commitment to fight for our freedom, in whatever manner, whether it be in exile, prison, or even in death. For us, Mr. Mandela's release is the beginning not the end of a struggle. Apartheid is alive and well. I'm still not legally a citizen of South Africa. And neither is Mr. Mandela, Archbishop Tutu, nor anyone of the 30 million South Africans whose skin is color is not white. The ideas for which Mr. Mandela was jailed are not yet at hand, nor will they ever be until apartheid is abolished.

Apartheid protests and violence, South Africa

BARS. VS OF DEMONSTRATORS AGAINST AND FOR APARTHEID PROTEST IN FRONT OF THE SOUTH AFRICAN EMBASSY. RANDALL ROBINSON, HEAD OF TRANSAFRICA, AN ANTI APARTHEID ORGANIZATION, SPEAKS BEFORE THE CROWD. CR:313. JAMES FARMER OF THE CONGRESS OF RACIAL EQUALITY (CORE) ADDRESSES THE GROUP. CI: PERSONALITIES: ROBINSON, RANDALL. PERSONALITIES: FARMER, JAMES. DEMONSTRATIONS: ANTI APARTHEID, DC, WASHINGTON.

B-roll video footage from the KXAS-TV/NBC station in Fort Worth, Texas, to accompany a news story.

REMEMBERING MANDELA