The Coast Guard Cutters Storis and Bramble receive a triumphal welcome as they enter Boston Harbor after circumnavigating North America via the legendary Northwest Passage--the first American vessels to complete the epic voyage, through ice jammed Arctic seas.

Adventure marathoners and ultra athletes are always looking for the next big challenge. It could be a remote desert marathon, a high altitude mountain marathon or a jungle marathon. However, mainland Antarctica represents the last frontier, the final great wilderness to be conquered. And now adventure athletes like you can do it. Introducing the only footraces within the Antarctic Circle......  This race presents a truly formidable and genuine Antarctic challenge with underfoot conditions comprising snow and ice throughout, an average windchill temperature of –20C, and the possibility of strong Katabatic winds to contend with. Furthermore, the event takes place at an altitude of 700 metres.The five-day itinerary sees competitors fly by private jet from Punta Arenas, Chile, to the marathon location at Union Glacier. The Antarctic Ice Marathon is the southernmost marathon on earth and a unique opportunity to complete a marathon that is truly worthy of the seventh continent. Competitors don't expect to run their quickest time, as winds can blow from the Pole at a steady 10-25 knots. Also, there are no penguins or crowds to cheer them along the route - no penguins live this far south and the runners will have to rely upon yourself to push onward in the hushed, indomitable surroundings.The 8th Antarctic Ice Marathon took place in perfect conditions. Forty–six (46) athletes from 15 countries braved the sub-zero temperatures and completed the 42.2km race at the bottom of the world.  Sunny weather produced ideal running conditions as the marathon got underway. The race was a battle between the Spanish runner Luis Marcos and “2012 North Pole” marathon winner DR. Andrew Murray from Scotland.  The lead was constantly changing between the two until Murray pulled away on the 22-mile marker. In the end it was a comfortable win for the “Flying Scot” in a course record time of 3:41.16 hrs. Luis came in second some 8 minutes after Murray crossed the line. Every competitor had to have his or her skin fully protected. Clothing included a full balaclava, goggles, gloves and mittens, long johns, waterproof running pants and several layers of thermal clothing under a ‘shell’. Hydration for the runners is difficult to manage in the excruciating cold and sweating was one of the biggest issues for all the runners to deal with. Mainly for safety reasons the course itself was laid out around the Union Glacier camp where markers were positioned in the snow and ice. The race started at the Antarctic base camp of the Union Glacier, in the southern Ellsworth Mountains, just over 600 miles (100km) from the South Pole at 10:00 local time. Competitors had to complete two laps of the course that was run around the Union Glacier expatiation camp but were able to rehydrate themselves with hot drinks and snacks at one of five aid (check point) stations. Despite the unfavourable terrain, every competitor managed to finish this unique race, beating the elements and for many achieving a personal dream.  It’s no wonder that this race is so alluring for marathon runners, the stunning surroundings make this one of the most beautiful and also challenging places on the planet. Eleven ladies took part in the women's competition. Demelza Farr from Sydney, Australia proved a decisive winner in a time of 5:09:43 while Nancy Moundalexis (USA) and Amanda Barlow (AUS) finished second and third, respectively. It capped an amazing year for Demelza Farr – not only did she win this years North Pole Marathon back in April 2012, where after the race her then boyfriend James Alderson proposed to her. In October they were married and this was their honeymoon.  Results - Men’s RaceAndrew Murray (GBR)) 03:41:16Luis Marcos (ESP) 03:49:50Douglas Wilson (AUS) 04:17:03 Ladies race-Demelza Farr (AUS) 05:09:43Nancy Moundalexis (USA) 05:41:40 Amanda Barlow (AUS) 05:44:22

UNIVERSAL NEWSREELS

TAPE: EF02/0470 IN_TIME: 23:46:40 DURATION: 1:26 SOURCES: SKY RESTRICTIONS: DATELINE: Arctic Circle, recent/N. Pole 2 June SHOTLIST: Arctic Circle, Recent 1. Aerial of snow covered mountains 2. Women on plane 3. Aerial of ice flow 4. Plane on ice 5. Explorers Caroline Hamilton and Ann Daniels unloading plane 6. Women packing sledges 7. Women waving to camera 8. Women begin trek 9. Various women on skis North Pole - 2 June 2002 10. SOUNDBITE: (English) Caroline Hamilton, Explorer (over graphic): "I think probably early on when the weather was so bad. It was minus fifty degrees centigrade there were very strong winds and probably for me the day when the wind blew up very very quickly so, quickly that we were able to put our tent up we had to spend three days just huddled together under a piece of flapping tent fabric we weren't able to drink anything or eat anything, just wait for the storm to subside I think that's when I was the most frightened." Arctic Circle, Recent 11. Women on skis walking away STORYLINE: Two British women completed a gruelling trek to the North Pole on Sunday, becoming the first female team to conquer both North and South Poles. The pair completed their 81-day journey over the shifting, melting Arctic Ocean pulling 250lb sledges packed with food and equipment. Caroline Hamilton and Ann Daniels set off from Resolute Bay in the Canadian Arctic on March 12, covering nearly 600 kilometres (450 miles) across the ice. At times melting ice packs forced Hamilton, 35, a film financier, and Daniels, 37, a former banker, to swim through freezing water. The two were members of a five-member all-woman expedition which walked all the way to the South Pole in January, 2000. They were initially accompanied on the North Pole bid by 50-year-old Pom Oliver, also a member of the South Pole team, who was forced to quit the expedition with badly frostbitten feet on day 47. For Hamilton, the trek marked a third Polar triumph - she led a 20-woman relay to the North Pole which in May, 1997 became the first successful all-woman Polar expedition.

00:00:00:00 NATIVE ASPECT RATIO SD 4X3//FORK ASSET//MAKE AMERICA FIRST IN THE AIR ARC Identifier 65523 / Local Identifier 342-USAF-17686// Summary: 27' "OF ALL INVENTIONS, THE ALPHABET AND PRINTING PRESS ALONE EXCEPTED, THOSE INVENTIONS WHICH ABRIDGE DISTANCE HAVE DONE MOST FOR CIVILIZATION" -- MACCAULAY. 43' SEVERAL SCENES BY THE COURTESY OF PATHE NEWS AND INTERNATIONAL NEWS. 50' SEVENTY YEARS AGO CALIFORNIA WAS MANY MONTHS FROM NEW YORK. 57' Animated map of the U.S. with a line from New York to Kansas. 64' LS covered wagon train moving over desert terrain toward camera -- mountains in bg. 72' THE SANTA FE TRAIL, 1849. 76' MLS's & MS's of covered wagon train moving over desert terrain -- mountains in bg. 83' Animated map of the U.S with a line from New York to Kansas, and continuing through New Mexico and Arizona to California. 91' THE RAILROAD SHRUNK THE MAP TO FOUR DAYS. 97' MS train using a steam locomotive moving to the right along a double track. 103' Animation over map of U.S. of line from New York to California. 109' IN THE AIRPLANE TO TWENTY-SEVEN HOURS. 114' AMS Fokker T-2 in flight to the left. 118' Animation of dark line extending across a map of the U.S. 125' NOT SO LONG AGO EUROPE WAS SEVERAL MONTHS AWAY. 128' Animation of a small ship moving away from the east coast of the U.S. 131' MLS a large sailing vessel of the early clipper ship variety on the ocean. 135' Animation of small ship sailing to Great Britain. 139' THE OCEAN GREYHOUND NOW CROSSES THE ATLANTIC IN FIVE-AND-A-HALF DAYS. 147' MS & MCU a four-stack ocean liner sailing to the right. 160' Animation of Atlantic Ocean and coasts of U.S. and England. 165' THE R-34 CROSSED THE IRISH COASTLINE 61 HOURS AND 33 MINUTES AFTER LEAVING LONG ISLAND. 176' AMS of R-34 dirigible in flight toward and to right of camera. 180' MCU R-34 moored to ground with a large craft around the gondola. 183' ALCOCK AND BROWN LANDED IN IRELAND 16 HOURS AFTER TAKING OFF FROM NEWFOUNDLAND. 191' ALS British Bristol fighter in flight to the left, diving and climbing through clouds. (Actual flight was in a Vickers-Vimy, 14 June 1919.) 198' AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT HAS BROUGHT AMERICA AND EUROPE CLOSE TOGETHER. 205' Animation of maps of the U.S. and Great Britain coming closer together. 214' KIPLING WROTE OF AIRCRAFT: "WE ARE AT THE OPENING VERSE OF THE OPENING PAGE OF THE CHAPTER OF ENDLESS POSSIBILITIES." 228' AMS flight of five Martin MB-1 bombers in formation flight to the right. 237' THE ACHIEVEMENT OF TWO REAL AMERICANS, ORVILLE AND WILBUR WRIGHT IS INDELIBLY WRITTEN IN THE FIRS LINE OF THE OPENING VERSE. 250' WILBUR WRIGHT (AT LEFT). 254' MS Wilbur Wright on the left talking to two men (Possibly in Europe.) 288' ORVILLE WRIGHT. 269' CU of Orville Wright river or lake in bg. 275' THE WRIGHT BROTHERS FIRST EXPERIMENTED WITH GLIDERS. 280' LS pan left with flight of an early model glider down the side of a hill group of spectators watch the flight. (Est -- 1902) 298' THE WRIGHT BROTHERS ARE THE PIONEERS AND CREATORS OF AVIATION. THEY CONCEIVED WARPING WINGS WHICH MADE STABILITY POSSIBLE. THEY MADE THEIR OWN MOTOR, THEY BUILT THE PLANE AND MADE THE C0MBINATI0N FLY. 320' MS Wilbur Wright placing wheel under wing of Wright "A" aircraft in France. 328' MLS pan left with flight of Wright Brothers "A" aircraft over a level field balloon in bg. 336' ON KILL-DEVIL HILL, KITTYHAWK, NORTH CAROLINA, DECEMBER 17, 1903, ORVILLE WRIGHT FLEW THE FIRST HEAVIER-THAN-AIR MACHINE. 349' CU still photograph of Orville Wright flying the first aircraft, 17 December 1903. 357' THE WORLD SCOFFED, BUT THE WRIGHTS STRUGGLED ON -- AFTER FIIVE YEARS WILBUR WRIGHT MADE THE FIRST FLIGHT IN EUROPE FLYING UNDER FRENCH GOVERNMENT SUBSIDY. (1908) 374' MS two men turning propellers and starting engines on a Wright "A" aircraft in France -- catapult launching tower behind aircraft. 379' MLS spectators in stands during the first aircraft demonstration near Paris. 384' LS & MS takeoff and riight of Wright Brothers "A" aircraft in France. 397' THE SAME-YEAR ORVILLE WRIGHT WON THE $30,000 U.S. ARMY PRIZE AT FT. MYER, VIRGINIA FOR A SUSTAINED FLIGHT WITH A PASSENGER. 412' MS Orville Wright and Lt. Frank P. Lahm seated in the Wright "A" aircraft at Ft. Myer, Virginia. 423' LS's & MS's of flight at Ft. Myer with Orville Wright and Lt. Lahm in the Wright "A" aircraft. 454' IN 1909 WILBUR WRIGHIT DEMONSTRATED HIS INVENTION BEFORE THE KING OF ITALY AND ITALIAN GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS. 465' MS soldiers pushing Wright aircraft out of hangar. 474' LS & MS of King of Italy and Italian officials watching takeoff of Wright aircraft from a launching rail. 497' THE EUROPEAN POWORS SEIZED THE OPPORTUNITY PRESENTED BY THE WRIGHT INVENTION AND ADOPTED A DEFINITE MILITARY AVIATION PROGRAM. 511' ALS flight of five early model aircraft over water. 518' RAPID PROGRESS WAS MADE. LOUIS BLERIOT (FRENCH), JULY 25, 1909, CROSSED THE ENGLISH CHANNEL IN THIRTY-SEVEN MINUTES. 533' MS Louis Bleriot seated in his Bleriot VI tandem monoplane -- a man starts to turn the propeller and starts the aircraft. 540' HENRI FARMAN (FRENCH) MADE NOTABLE CROSS-COUNTRY FLIGHTS. 547' MS pan right to show man working on the Farman Voisin bi-plane. (1907- 1908) 555' AMERICAN GENIUS AND DETERMINATION CONTINUED TO CONTRIBUTE TO AVIATION'S PROGRESS. GLENN H. CURTISS IN HIS FIRST PLANE. 569' MS's of Glenn H. Curtiss seated in his Gold Bug bi-plane, starting the motor and taxiing away. (Est 1909) 585' THE GERMANS (1911 1914) CARRIED 34,228 PASSENGERS IN THE ZEPPELINS OVER A REGULAR ROUTE WITHOUT INJURY TO PASSENGERS OR CREW. 599' LS a German Zeppelin dirigible in flight to the left over landscape -- trees in fg. 606' Animation showing the Zeppelin routes in Germany. 623' WHEN THE GREAT WAR BROKE OUT THE EUROPEAN NATIONS HAD AIRPLANES AND AIRSHIPS AND MEANS FOR THEIR PRODUCTION. 634' LS's French Nieuport aircraft parked on an airfield. 639' AIRPLANES WERE USED ONLY FOR OBSERVATION AT FIRST, BUT SOON DEVELOPED INTO BOMB CARRIERS AND AERIAL COMBAT PLANES. 651' MS as bombs are loaded into early bomber with bombardier's compartment in nose of open cockpit. 662' MS machine gunner in open cockpit of aircraft in flight. 668' IN 1914 THE FASTEST FLYING SPEED WAS 70 MPH. BEFORE THE WAR WAS OVER COMBAT PLANES ATTAINED 140 MPH. 682' MS pan right with takeoff of Curtiss JN-4 aircraft. 690' AIR SERVICE MILL NEAR BELRAIN MEUSE, FRANCE, OCTOBER 19, 1918, MAJ. GEN. PATRICK DECORATING FIRST LT. E. C. RICKENBACKER WITH DSC BEARING FOUR OAK LEAVES. 701' MS Maj. Gen. Mason M. Patrick decorating Lt. E. V. Rickenbacker -- Air Corps officers standing by on parade field. 719' FIRST LT. E. V. RICKENBACKER AND CAPT. J. A. MEISSNER. 724' MS left to right Capt. J. A. Meissner and Lt. E. V. Rickenbacker with Distinguished Service Crosses. 735' FIRST AIRPLANE IN BATTLE FORMATION GOING OVER THE LINE TO BOMB THE ENEMY. 742' ELS seven bi-wing airplanes flying overhead away from camera -- observation balloon in distant fg. 757' BUSIGNY, NORD, FRANCE, OCTOBER 14, 1918-THE SIXTH SECTION BATTERY "F" ANTIAIRCRAFT SERVICE OF THE BRITISH EXPEDITIONARY FORCES IN ACTION AGAINST A GERMAN OBSERVATION PLANE. 772' MS to MLS two antiaircraft guns mounted on WW I vintage trucks which are jacked up on blocks and leveled with leveling screw jacks. 783' SOUAIN, MAINE, FRANCE, OCTOBER 2, 1918. A BARRAGE SENT UP BY THE FRENCH TO PROTECT THEIR OBSERVATION BALLOONS FROM A GERMAN PLANE WHICH IS TRYING TO SHOOT IT DOWN. 797' ELS's of observation balloon in extreme distance with anti-aircraft bursts near by -- wreckage of a bombed village in bg. 814' TOUL, MEURTHE-ET-MOSELLE, FRANCE. NOVEMBER 8, 1918. COL. F. P. LAHM, CHIEF OF AIR SERVICES 2ND ARMY. 825' MS Col. Lahm speaking to another officer. 839' IN THE SPRING OF 1917, WHEN THE U.S. ENTERED THE WAR, THE GOVERNMENT HAD ONLY EIGHT AIRPLANES. 851' IT COST US $382,000,000 TO SUPPLEMENT THE AIRCRAFT ACTIVITIES OF OUR ASSOCIATES. 859' AN 800-FOOT WING ROOM IN ONE OF THE GREAT AIRPLANE FACTORIES. 866' LS INT factory where wings for aircraft (WW I) are being fabricated. 873' DURING THE 18 MONTHS WE WERE IN THE WAR WE TRAINED 17,000 PILOTS AND DEVELOPED THE LIBERTY MOTOR. 885' LS's & MS'S of Liberty motors installed on fuselage of WW I aircraft in a factory. 899' $100,OOO,OOO IN PRIVATE CAPITAL WAS INVESTED IN OUR AIRCRAFT INDUSTRY -- 250,000 WERE EMPLOYED. WHEN THE ARMISTICE WAS SIGNED UNCLE SAM CANCELLED THE AIRCRAFT CONTRACTS BY LONG DISTANCE. 923' Animation over map of U.S. of cartoon of Uncle Sam talking on telephone. 936' UNTIL THE TREATY OF VERSAILLES STOPPED HER, GERMANY MADE GREAT STRIDES WITH BOTH LIGHTER AND HEAVIER-THAN-AIR AIRCRAFT. AIR ROUTE DEVELOPMENT FROM 1919-1921. 951' Animated lines going from various cities on European continent including Germany and Poland. 969' LS large group of workers and spectators watching as the dirigible "Bodensee" is pulled out of large hangar. 975' MS workers around and in the gondola as it rests on the ground. 980' THE BODENSEE MADE 103 FLIGHTS IN 98 DAYS AVERAGING 62 MILES AN HOUR AND CARRYING 2,380 PASSENGERS. 988' ALS's over an unidentified German city. 995' MS's INT gondola showing two men eating dinner-other people are looking out windows of gondola. 1008' AMS of crowds on the ground looking up. 1012' LS as "Bondensee" comes in for landing-crowd on ground. 1018' THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY. END OF PART ONE. EDUCATIONAL SERVICE. 1021' Total footage in reel. Reel 2: THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY. PART Two. EDUCATIONAL SERVICE. 2' OTHER NATIONS ARE SPENDING MILLIONS ANNUALLY ON SUBSIDIES FOR COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT. IN THE UNITED STATES NO DIRECT SUBSIDIES ARE PAID. 12' EUROPEAN COMMERCIAL AIR ROUTE. 16' Animated map of Europe showing lines extending from London to Paris. 21' FRANCE AND ENGLAND MAINTAIN AIR ROUTES BETWEEN LONDON AND PARIS. 29' MLS passengers entering the cabin of the Handley Page W8B transport aircraft. 41' MS as cargo is loaded into an early single-engine bi-winged aircraft. 48' MLS & MS passengers getting out of old touring car and boarding a Farman Goliath airliner -- on the airliner is printed GRANDS EXPRESS AERIENS -- on the door: EXPRESS TO LONDON. 62' MS a medium-sized British bi-winged transport taxiing left on an airfield. 67' LS early bi-wing single-engine aircraft in flight to the left over an airfield. 72' ALS of a European city. 8O' LS early model single-engine bi-winged transport landing to the left in bg. 87' MS's as passengers debark from early model passenger aircraft. 95' Animated air routes superimposed over a map of Europe. 104' MS as passengers board and cargo is loaded onto an early model bi- plane. 116' MS's & CU's of a pig being loaded into a Farman Goliath early model airliner. 130' Animated airline routes over a map of Europe. 136' MLS & MS's as cargo is loaded and passengers board an early model Spad commercial bi-plane. 152' EUROPE DEVELOPS COMMERCIAL AERONAUTICS FROM A MILITARY STANDPOINT. AIRLINE EQUIPMENT IS AVAILABLE IN WARFARE IN CASE OF NECESSITY. 163' LS four French Breguet 14 reconnaissance photo planes parked on an airfield -- one of the aircraft starts motor and taxis right. 169' HUGE AIR CRUISERS START C0MMERCIAL FLYING SEASON. TEMPELHOFER AIRDROME BECOMES BUSY PLACE AS 13 PASSENGER LINES BEGIN OPERATIONS. 181' LS pan left to show buildings and aircraft parked on the ramp at Tempelhofer Airdrome in Berlin, Germany. 190' MS pan right to show a row of Dornier Komet III monoplanes parked at an air base. 196' THE LAST WORD IN AERIAL TRANSPORTATION, A GIANT FOUR-MOTORED MONOPLANE MAKES ITS DEBUT. 205' MS's workmen pushing a Udet Kondor transport aircraft (German) -- a high-winged four-engine pusher transport aircraft. 229' LIGHT AND INEXPENSIVE AIRPLANES HAVE BEEN DEVELOPED. 236' MS takeoff to the right of a small single engine high-winged one-passenger light aircraft. 251' PROJECTED ROUTES FROM EUROPE. 254' Animated map of the world showing lines of projected air routes from Europe to Australia, South America and Africa. 292' TESTING IN FRANCE. A NEW TYPE OF AIRPLANE WITH TWO PROPELLERS AND TWO MOTORS -- IT'S SUCCESSFUL! WILL BE USED AS MODEL FOR HUGE MACHINE TO FLY BETWEEN PARIS AND NEW YORK. 310' MS a French DeMonge Type 7-5 aircraft taxiing to the left on an airfield. 321' AFTER THE WAR WE THOUGHT OF THE AIRPLANE NOT AS A MILITARY WEAPON BUT AS A COMMERCIAL VEHICLE -- A SERVANT OF MANKIND. 332' MLS passengers climbing the stairs and into an early model bi-winged, twin-engined passenger airliner. 339' AIRCRAFT IS BEING USED IN THE U.S. FOR MANY COMMERCIAL PURPOSES. 347' PASSENGER CARRYING. 350' MLS to MS passengers getting out of an early model touring car and getting into a Larson JL-6 transport aircraft. 392' MLS & MS's pilot getting into cockpit of Larson JL-6 aircraft. 410' LS'S Larson JL-6 taxiing left and taking off to the right. 423' MS's passengers getting in and out of the cabin of an early model seaplane -- just nose and cabin door of seaplane is visible. 445' AMS of an Aeromarine West Indies Airways U.S. and Cuban mail service amphibian, which is converted US Navy TN-1O airship, in flight to the right over water. 453' MS INT view of passengers looking out windows of the converted TN-10 airship. 458' ALS over the water -- ships are on the ocean. (Night scene) 477' TRANSPORTING MERCHANDISE. 481' MLS as equipment and merchandise are loaded in rear cockpit of Curtiss JN-6. 489' THE AMBULANCE AIRPLANE OFFERS THE FASTEST MEANS OF TRANSPORTING THE INJURED. 496' MS a Cox-Klemin XA-1 ambulance aircraft taxiing to the right. MLS's man putting a stretcher patient into a US Navy model of a DH-4Amb-1 ambulance plane. 534' AMS DH-4Amb-1 ambulance plane (US Navy) taking off and in flight to the left. 546' THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE AND ARMY AIR SERVICE KILL INSECT TESTS. 555' ALS down on a DH-4D aircraft crop dusting a field. 565' THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE FIGHTS THE BOLLWEEVIL WITH THE HELP OF THE ARMY AIR SERVICE. 576' MS a DH-D Curtiss aircraft with a Wright engine crop dusting a field. 585' AN ARMY BLIMP SPRAYING POISON IN WAR ON MOTHS -- DESTROYERS OF TIMBER EXPECTED TO SUCCUMB BEFORE AERIAL ATTACK. 597' MS & MCU men loading insecticide into the hopper in the gondola of the US motor balloon. 611' MS to MLS takeoff of the US motor balloon. 629' MLS US motor balloon flying to the right over a wooded area dusting the woods with insecticide powder. 646' MAP MAKING. 649' MS & MCU men and pilot and observer loading three-lensed camera into rear cockpit of a two-winged bi-plane. 668' AMS looking down from an aircraft into the two cockpits of another aircraft directly below. 690' ASSEMBLING A MOSAIC MAP COMPOSED OF MANY HUNDREDS OF SEPARATE PHOTOGRAPHS. 697' MS's two Air Service officers assembling a mosaic map on the wall. 708' CU of a mosaic aerial map. 715' AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY. 719' MS aerial photograph of New York, the Island of Manhattan with the East River on the right and Hudson River on the left. 725' THE SKYWRITER ADVERTISING. 729' ELS of skywriter aircraft that has made the letter "S" and is completing a "T." 740' TO CHART UNKNOWN ALASKA FROM THE AIR -- FINAL TESTS ARE GIVEN AMPHIBIAN PLANES TO BE USED BY U.S. NAVY DURING THREE-YEAR PIONEERING EXPEDITION. 757' MLS pan right with takeoff of a US Navy Loening amphibian aircraft. 770' AMS US Navy Loening amphibian in flight to the left. 781' AMS US Navy Loening amphibian in flight to the left and lowering its landing gear. 794' BY FOLDING THE WHEELS THE SHIP IS CONVERTED INTO A HYDROPLANE. 800' AMS Loening amphibian in flight to the left, raising its landing gear. 817' MLS pan right with Loening amphibian landing on water, taxiing and rolling out of the water onto the beach. 840' THE U.S. AIR MAIL SERVICE IS A FINE EXAMPLE OF SUCCESSFUL COMMERCIAL AVIATION. 848' MLS workmen placing mail sacks in aircraft pilot is in the rear cockpit of a U.S. mail service modified DH-4 -- covering is placed over the front cockpit in which the mail is carried. 856' LS takeoff to the right of U.S. mail service modified DH-4 aircraft. 862' ROUTE OF AIR MAIL SERVICE BETWEEN SAN FRANCISCO AND NEW YORK. 869' Animation showing small aircraft going over a line on a map from New York across the United States. 876' AMLS early model U.S. mail service aircraft (possibly a DH-4) in flight toward camera. 887' Animation of small airplane traveling along a line on a map from New York to San Francisco. 889' NIGHT FLYING WITH LIGHTED LANDING FIELDS BRINGS SAN FRANCISCO WITHIN 30 HOURS OF NEW YORK. 898' Animation of small aircraft following a line on a map from New York to San Francisco. 903'THROUGH ALL KINDS OF WEATHER, FLYING OVER THE ALLEGHENIES, ROCKIES AND SIERRA NEVADA, THE AIR MAIL MAINTAINS ALMOST 1O0% EFFICIENCY. 918' ALS & AMS of snow-covered mountains. 943' Animation of small airplane following a line across a map from New York to San Francisco. 954' MS to MCU a U.S. air mail truck backed up to a U.S. mail service converted DH-4 aircraft on a grass landing field. 964' COMMERCIAL AIRLINES CARRYING AIR MAIL MERCHANDISE AND PASSENGERS. Shows animated map with line from New York to San Francisco. 1061' Total footage in reel. Reel 3: BOSTON. NEW AIRDROME HAS SPECTACULAR OPENING -- MARTIN BOMBER ARRIVES FROM MITCHEL FIELD, NEW YORK. 6' MS pan right with Martin NBS-1 bomber landing. 32' MAYOR CURLEY STARTS THE AIR RACE TO BOSTON FLIGHT. 37' MS a Dayton Wright model WA two-seat amphibian taxiing to the right on takeoff from an air strip. 42' ELS large number of people swarming around aircraft on field at an air show. 58' THIS IS THE WAY AIRFIELDS IN AMERICA SHOULD BE DEVELOPED. 63' Animated dots indicating locations of airfields appearing on a map of the U.S. 102' IN A NETWORK OF AIRLINES TO CONNECT ALL OF OUR IMPORTANT CITIES. 107' Animated air routes on map of the U.S. with a small aircraft following these lines. 187' PRESIDENT COOLIDGE PRESENTING A CUP TO CAPT. H. D. CAMPBELL WHO HAS A FLYING RECORD OF 25,000 MILES WITHOUT AN ACCIDENT. 202' MS & CU President Coolidge presenting the trophy cup to Capt. H. D. Campbell. 217' LACK OF NATIONAL AIR REGULATION HAMPERS OUR COMMERCIAL AIRCRAFT DEVELOPMENT. 221' TINY TIM SETS OUT TO BREAK THE ALTITUDE RECORD IN A NON-INSPECTED PLANE. 230' Animated cartoon of a fat man getting into airplane -- after aircraft takes off, he falls through bottom of aircraft. 252' Sequence of animated cartoons of aircraft performing stunts and becoming a nuisance to farmers. 373' IN AN EFFORT TO KEEP OUT OF JAIL, MR. AVIATOR EQUIPPED HIS PLANE WITH A LIBRARY ON LOCAL FLYING LAWS. 384' Animated cartoon of aviator in an aircraft with books and globe. 390' AMLS of Dayton, Ohio, at Main and Third Streets. 395' Animated cartoon of aviator in aircraft getting a book out and reading the laws, then climbing to a high altitude. 414' AMLS of Dayton, Ohio, at Main and Third Streets. 418' Animated cartoon of aviator in aircraft getting book out and reading trespassing law. 427' AMS of Dayton, Ohio along Fourth Street between St. Clair and Ludlow Streets. 442' THE ARMY AND NAVY AIR FORCES ARE LEADING IN EXPERIMENT AND DEVELOPMENT. 451' ENGINEERING DIVISION, ARMY AIR SERVICE McCOOK FIELD, DAYTON, OHIO, WHERE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT WORK IS DONE ON CREATIONS AND IMPROVEMENT OF AIRCRAFT, POWER PLANTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MILITARY PURPOSES. 471' AV's of McCook Field, Dayton, Ohio. 490' ENGINES OF ALL TYPES AND FOR ALL PURPOSES ARE DEVELOPED. 498' MS & MCU aircraft engines in a test cell bloek. 517' THE REVERSABLE PROPELLERS SHORTENS THE LANDING DISTANCE. 524' CU of levers working the pitch of a propeller on the front of a Curtiss JN-4 aircraft. 529' MS pan left with JN-4H taxiing, landing and stopping. 535' PARACHUTES ARE FIRST TESTED WITH DUMMY WEIGHTS. PROVED SERVICE TYPES ARE TESTED BY LIVE JUMPS. 545' AMS of man on a wing with a parachute -- he opens parachute and lets it pull him off wing of aircraft. 570' THE DELAYED OPENING PARACHUTE DESIGNED FOR A QUICK GETAWAY. 577' AMLS man jumping from a DH-4 in flight to the left -- parachute opens as he drops from underneath the aircraft. 598' LS parachutist coming down and landing using two parachutes -- after he lands an old model truck pulls up and men jump out to assist him with the parachute. 629' AMCU looking over the side of an aircraft as six men jump with parachutes. 648' LT. J. A. MACREADY, USA HOLDS THE AMERICAN ALTITUDE RECORD OF 34,509 FEET. 657' MS & MCU Lt. Macready, in the cockpit of Packard-LePere LUSAC-11, wearing heavy flying clothes and a mask with a tube (oxygen) running out of the front of the mask -- at the side of the plane he removes the mask from his face. (1921) 669' THE AIRSHIP CAN BE USED FOR THE MOTHER SHIP FOR OTHER AIRPLANES. TESTS SHOWING METHOD FOR RELEASING AIRPLANES FROM AIRSHIPS. 677' LS a TC-type US Army airship, with a Sperry M-1 Messenger aircraft suspended underneath, takes off from ground. 686' AT SCOTT FIELD LT. FINTER IS THE FIRST TO SUCCEED IN HOOKING ONTO AN AIRSHIP IN FLIGHT. 695' MS the pilot standing on top of the Sperry M-1 opening and closing the hook arrangement where it is attached to the airship. 698' THE HOOK-ON. 701' AMLS Sperry M-1 hooks onto a sling underneath US Amy TC-3 airship while in flight to the left. 709' THE AIRPLANE PILOT CAN RELEASE AT ANY TIME. 713' AMLS Sperry M-1 releasing and dropping away from the hook and carriage of the TC-3 airship while in flight to the left. 723' AN AMERICAN HELICOPTER. 727' MLS's pan left with flight testing of an early model helicopter, a bi-winged two rotor aircraft, which raises off the ground several feet and flies to the left at Bolling Field. 760' COMPARATIVE TESTS ARE MADE WITH FOREIGN PLANES, THE GERMAN ROLAND. 768' AMS an Albatros D-3 bi-winged German aircraft with US markings in flight to the left and making a tight turn away to the right. 779' OBSOLETE AIRPLANES ARE CRASHED TO DETERMINE ORIGIN OF FIRES AND METHOD OF PREVENTION. 787' LS's & MS's engineers pushing an obsolete aircraft fuselage down a ramp into a wall, then it bursts into flames. 812' BY THE USE OF SLOW MOTION PHOTOGRAPHY THE ENGINEERING DIVISION STUDIES THE CAUSE OF FIRE. 820' MS high-speed camera footage of an obsolete fuselage of an early model aircraft crashing into a stone wall and bursting into flames. 873' THE ARMY AIR SERVICE HAS DEVELOPED THE WORLD'S LARGEST AIRPLANE -- THE BARLING BOMBER. 883' MS pan right to show XNBL-1 Barling bomber parked on an airfield -- military personnel and civilians look over the aircraft. 893' THE BARLING BOMBER HOLDS FOUR WORLD'S RECORDS FOR ALTITUDE AND DURATION FLIGHTS WITH LOADS OF TWO AND THREE TONS. 905' AMS XNBL-1 Barling bomber in flight to the left. 913' LAUNCHING A PLANE FROM THE TURRET OF A BATTLESHIP. 919' LS & MLS JN-4 aircraft takes off from a platform built on top of the turret and gun of a battleship. 928' CATAPULTING A PLANE FROM THE DECK OF A BATTLESHIP. 934' LS & MS launch and takeoff to the left of a Loening amphibian aircraft from catapult on a battleship. 953' Total footage in reel. Reel 4: LAUNCHING A SEAPLANE FROM A SUBMARINE. 3' MS's sailors on the deck of a submarine rolling out the fuselage of an XS-1 seaplane and attaching the wings, floats and rudders to craft. 14' MLS the XS-1 aircraft on the deck of a submarine with the engines running -- shows the submarine submerging to the left so that the plane is floating in the water. 28' FROM THE USS LANGLEY, THE NAVY'S AIRPLANE CARRIER. 36' LS pan left with takeoff of a Mark SC-2 aircraft from the aircraft carrier USS LANGLEY. 55' LS's pan right with landing of SC-2 on deck of aircraft carrier, USS LANGLEY. 78' LAUNCHING THE AIRPLANE CARRIER SARATOGA. 83' MLS & MS's as bottle is broken on the bow and the aircraft carrier USS SARATOGA slides into the water. 99' THIS SHIP WILL CARRY 75 AIRPLANES. 105' LS USS SARATOGA in the middle of the bay. 115' SEAPLANE FIRING A TORPEDO. 119' MS's Navy personnel rolling a torpedo under and raising it up into the racks of a seaplane version of the Douglas Torpedo Bomber. 131' LS pan left with seaplane version of the Douglas Torpedo Bomber in flight just above the surface -- aircraft drops a torpedo. 137' AN ARMY PLANE LAYS A SMOKE SCREEN FROM AN ALTITUDE OF 1,000 FEET. 142' ALS of early model aircraft laying a smoke screen over the water -- several ships are in the water. 191' THE AIRSHIP "LOS ANGELES" IS A MAJESTIC CRAFT. 196' LS's of airship "Los Angeles" being taken out of hangar and on airfield. 215' LS the airship "Los Angeles" takes off to the left. 224' MS the airship "Los Angeles" in flight overhead to the left. 232' MLS the airship "Los Angeles" being pulled down to the ground by cables. 248' LS & MLS the airship "Los Angeles" attached to its mooring mast with its elevator in the mooring mast going up and down. 265' THE AIRSHIP "LOS ANGELES" IS LOWERED FOR THE FIRST TIME TO THE MAST OF A SHIP THE USS POTOKA. 274' LS & MS's the airship "Los Angeles" coming in and being moored to the USS POTOKA out on the water. 317' WE HAVE A NATURAL MONOPOLY OF HELIUM, A NON-INFLAMMABLE LIGHTER-THAN-AIR GAS PLANT AT FORT WORTH, TEXAS. 327' MLS INT of the helium-producing plant at Ft. Worth, Texas. 335' BOMBING TESTS OF USS ALABAMA, SEPTEMBER 1921. 342' MLS of the USS ALABAMA anchored in the water. 350' MCU soldier arming and working with a fuse mechanism of a large bomb swung underneath a large bomber. 355' AMS a Standard-Handley Page 0/400 bomber in flight to the right over water. 360' AMLS looking straight down on the USS ALABAMA. 366' AMS a Dayton Wright DH-4 aircraft in flight to the left dropping a bomb. 370' ALS looking down as bomb falls. 373' AMLS bomb exploding on the USS ALABAMA. 384' A PHOSPHORUS BOMB -- ENOUGH POISON GAS TO KILL THE ENTIRE CREW. 392' MLS of a phosphorus bomb exploding on the USS ALABAMA and engulfing the entire ship in smoke. 408' A FINAL SHOT WITH 2,000 LB. BOMBS. 414' MLS of explosion of the USS ALABAMA-part of the superstructure topples off into the water. 422' A COMPLETE WRECK IN SHALLOW WATERS. 428' MS USS ALABAMA listing over on side with one of the towers bent over and lying in the water. 432' THE ANNUAL RACES HELD UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICS ASSOCIATION PROMISED TO BECOME THE COUNTRY'S GREATEST SPORTING EVENT. 445' ROUNDING A PYLON AT THREE MILES A MINUTE, DETROIT RACES. 449' LS a small aircraft flying at high speed around pylons at an air show. 457' CROWD AT THE DAYTON, OHIO, RACES. 460' LS pan right to show large crowd at the air races. 476' THE GRANDSTAND OVER A MILE IN LENGTH. 481' LS's of large crowd in the grandstands at the air races. 501' LT. AL J. WILLIAMS, USN, HOLDS THE OFFICIAL WORLD'S SPEED RECORD AT 266.6 MILES AN HOUR. 510' MS a Curtiss R2C-1 racer parked on an airfield. 516' MS Lt. Williams in cockpit of Curtiss P2C-1 racer. 523' REAR ADMIRAL MOFFETT CONGRATULATING LT. WILLIAMS. 529' MS Rear Admiral W. A. Moffett shaking hands with Lt. Williams -- cameramen and officials in bg. (1923) 539' ELS's & LS' s of Curtiss R2C-1 racer flying by and overhead and to the right and left and around pylon. 598' LS pan right with Curtiss R3C-1 racer coming in and making a landing to the right. 626' THE 1926 SCHNEIDER CUP RACES AT NORFOLK, VIRGINIA, WAS WON BY ITALY -- DE'BERNARDI AVERAGES 246 1/2 MPH IN CLASSIC 217 1/2 MILE RACE. 637' MLS workmen pushing a MACCHI 39 racing seaplane down a ramp and into the water for the races. 649' LS pan left with takeoff from water of Curtiss R3C-2 racer. 662' LS pan left with takeoff of a Macchi racing seaplane to left. 673' MLS men pushing a Curtiss R3C-2 racer down ramp toward water. 686' LS pan left with takeoff of R3C-2 racer. 694' LS Curtiss R3C-2 racer flying over to right. 7O1' THE VICTOR LANDS AFTER BETTERING THE PREVIOUS SEAPLANE RECORD BY ABOUT 4 MPH. 709' LS pan left with Macchi 39 racing seaplane landing to left. 725' MS & MCU of pilot in cockpit of Macchi 39 racing seaplane and the pilot on the shoulders of men around the aircraft. 741' THE NAVY WAS FIRST TO FLY ACROSS THE ATLANTIC. 746' MS of US Navy NC-4 seaplane taxiing away from shore. 759' MLS US Navy NC-4 flying overhead to the left. 765' THE DAWN TO DUSK FLIGHT OF LT. MAUGHAN, JUNE 23, 1924. 770' MS Lt. Russell L. Maughan in the cockpit of a Curtiss N-8 pursuit ship. 776' T.T. MAUGHAN TOOK OFF FROM MITCHEL FIELD, NEW YORK, AT DAWN, 2:58 EST, IN A CURTISS PURSUIT PLANE. MS pan right with takeoff of Curtiss PW-8 pursuit ship. 792' AMLS Curtiss PW-8 pursuit ship in flight to the left over New York City showing the East River with Williamsburg, Manhattan, and Brooklyn Bridge visible -- also over the Wall Street district, Battery Park and Hudson River. 809' ARRIVED AT MCCOOK FIELDS DAYTON, 0HIO, 7:08 A.M. EST. 820' AIRLINE DISTANCE, 580 MILES; TIME: 4 HOURS AND 1O MINUTES. 825' LS's & MS's of Lt. Maughan in PW-8 on ground-gasoline truck is at left and fire truck at right as aircraft is refueled with the engine running. 854' LEAVING MCCOOK FIELD AT 8:15 A.M. CENTRAL STANDARD TIME -- HE ARRIVED AT SAN FRANCISCO AT 9:48 P.M. PACIFIC TIME. 862' LS's pan right with takeoff of Curtiss PW-8-gasoline and fire trucks and service people in fg. 876' MCU Lt. Maughan standing beside Curtiss PW-8. 884' THE ARMY HOLDS THE WORLD'S ENDURANCE RECORD OF 37 HOURS AND 15 MINUTES IN THE AIR, FLYING 3,293 MILES. 894' MS Lt. Lowell Smith and John T. Richter in the cockpit of their DH-4D aircraft. 900' THIS RECORD WAS MADE POSSIBLE BY TAKING ON GASOLINE DURING THE FLIGHT. 909' AMS of air-to-air refueling from DeHavilland DH-4DM aircraft. 918' THE ARMY WAS FIRST TO MAKE A NON-STOP FLIGHT FROM COAST TO COAST, 2,650 MILES IN 27 HOURS. 927' MS pan left with Army Fokker T-2 with ARMY AIR SERVICE NON-STOP COAST TO COAST painted on the side. 935' MS's Lt. John A. Macready and Lt. 0akley G. Kelly being helped into their parachutes beside the Fokker T-2. 940' LTS. MACREADY AND KELLY WHO PILOTED T-2 IN ITS FLIGHT. 947' MCU of Lt. Macready and Lt. Kelly standing beside T-2 aircraft. 952' MS pan right with T-2 taxiing during takeoff. 963' AMS Army Fokker T-2 in flight to the left. 974' LTS. KELLY AND MACREADY CHEERED BY CROWD AT SAN DIEGO, CALIFORNIA. 982' LS pan left with Army Fokker T-2 landing. 987' MCU Lt. Macready and Lt. Kelly standing beside T-2 -- many people in bg. 990' THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY. END OF PART IV. EDUCATIONAL SERVICE. 993' Total footage in reel. Reel 5: NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY PART V. EDUCATIONAL SERVICE. 2' THE CROWNING ACHIEVEMENT OF 1924 WAS THE FLIGHT OF ARMY AVIATORS AROUND THE WORLD. 9' Shows a globe turning with the route of the "Around the World Flight" marked on it. 26' SCENES BY COURTESY OF PATHE AND INTERNATIONAL NEWS. 30' PRESIDENT COOLIDGE BIDS GOODBYE TO THE ARMY AIRMEN STARTING FOR THE AROUND THE WORLD FLIGHT. 39' MLS's & MS's President Coolidge and Maj. Gen. Mason Patrick and "Around the World" flyers on lawn of White House. 53' THE OFFICIAL START WAS FROM SEATTLE, APRIL 6, 1924. 58' AMS flight of three DWC world cruisers in flight to the left. 65' ON THEIR WAY TO ALASKA. 68' MLS's three DWC's parked on a bay with a small boat near one of the DWC's in fg -- forest in bg. 77' THEY ARRIVED AT CHIGNIK BAY, ALASKA, APRIL 15. 83' LS's of DWC parked on the water -- camera pans up to snow-covered Alaskan mountains. 117' WHILE FLYING OVER THIS TERRITORY IN ALASKA, COMMANDER MARTIN AND MECHANIC HARVEY CRASHED INTO A MOUNTAIN IN A FOG AND WERE LOST FOR TEN DAYS. 132' LS DWC's flying overhead to the left -- iceberg with mast of a ship on the other side of the ice in bg. 145' LS two DWC's in flight to the right over a lake -- snow-covered mountain in bg. 161' LT. LOWELL SMITH WHO ASSUMES COMMAND OF THE SQUADRON. 167' MLS Lt. Smith standing on one of the pontoons and working with propellers on his DWC. (Snowing) 177' ON THEIR WAY, THE FIRST FLIGHT FROM AMERICA TO ASIA. 182' LS two DWC's in flight to the left over snow-covered barren country. 188' AT YETORUFU, JAPAN, MAY 19. SAFE ON LAND AFTER THE MOST DANGEROUS OCEAN FLIGHT ON RECORD. 196' MS's as US aviators are welcome by Japanese officials. 206' MLS & MS's Japanese children playing in schoolyard -- one child has US and Japanese flags, one in each hand. 217' JUNE 8, AT HONG KONG, CHINA. A FLEET OF BRISK LITTLE JUNKS GREET THE FLYERS IN TRUE NATIVE FASHION. 224' LS's a large number of native junks on the water. 240' HALF WAY ROUND THE WORLD JUNE 26, THE FLYERS REACHED CALCUTTA, INDIA, HAVING FLOWN 12,500 MILES. 248' MLS a DWC taxiing to right on river -- many people on bank and several steamers in river. 257' MLS large number of Indian natives around the DWC which is parked on ground. 264' MLS a crane lifting DWC out of water onto dock -- large number of people on the bank and on dock watch operation. 272' JULY 11, CONSTANTINOPLE, THE LAST STOP ON THE CONTINENT OF ASIA. 277' LS pan right with DWC landing to the right on an airstrip. 291' MLS's & MS's of pilots talking to people around DWC's. 301' PARIS, JULY 14. 304' AMS of formal gardens and a large palace near Paris. 326' LONDON, ENGLAND, JULY 16. THE FIRST TO CONGRATULATE THE AIRMEN WAS MRS. MACLAREN, WIFE OF BRITISH AVIATOR ATTEMPTING TO FLY AROUND THE WORLD IN THE OPPOSITE DIRECTION. 344' MS Mrs. MacLaren shaking hands with American aviators standing beside the DWC aircraft. 351' JULY 30, THE CREW OF THE USS RICHMOND CHEER THE AMERICAN AVIATORS PREPARING TO HOP OFF FROM THE ORKNEY ISLANDS TO ICELAND. 361' MS's Navy personnel and officers raising their hats and cheering American aviators onboard the USS RICHMOND. 369' MS's the US aviators boarding DWC aircraft from a small boat. 380' THEY REACH THE NORTH AMERICAN CONTINENT LANDING IN LABRADOR, AUGUST 31. 386' MLS DWC flying overhead to the left over rocky, hilly landscape -- many people watch aircraft fly overhead. 400' LS's two DWC's anchored in bay aviators are in a boat being brought to shore. 413' NAVAL OFFICERS GIVE THE DARING AVIATORS A REAL GLAD HAND AFTER THE LINKING OF THE TWO CONTINENTS. 421' MS's US Navy personnel shaking hands with the Army aviators as they arrive at the rocky shore. 434' ARRIVING IN BOSTON, SEPTEMBER 6. 438' ELS two DWC's in flight to the right over the Boston skyline. 448' Mls two DWC's taxiing right in Boston harbor -- motor launch in fg moves out to meet the aircraft. 458' MLS's & MS's of Army aviators arriving at the dock in the motor launch and being greeted by officials. 476' FLYING OVER NEW YORK CITY, SEPTEMBER 8. 481' MLS two DWC's, fitted with wheels, in flight to the right over New York City. 486' FLAGS WAVE GAYLY OVER MITCHEL FIELD, LONG ISLAND. 493' LS dignitaries getting out of automobiles and a large crowd waiting at Mitchel Field, New York. 503' LS two DWC's taxiing up to crowd at Mitchel Field, New York. 515' MS's large crowd surrounding two DWC's at Mitchel Field. 517' ARRIVING IN WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 9, THEY ARE CONGRATULATED BY PRESIDENT COOLIDGE AND SECRETARY WEEKS. 525' MS's Army aviators shaking hands with President Coolidge and Secretary Weeks -- large crowd in bg. 542' MS President Coolidge, Secretary Weeks and the Army aviators standing in front of the DWC aircraft BOSTON. 550' MS President Coolidge, Secretary Weeks and Lt. L. H. Smith standing at side of DWC aircraft CHICAGO. 559' THE GIANT BARLING BOMBER IS PART OF THE ESCORT INTO DAYTON, SEPTEMBER 13. 566' LS XNBL-1 Barling bomber in flight overhead to the left, followed by a small pursuit aircraft. 572' MLS three DWC's followed by the XNBL-1 Barling bomber in flight overhead toward and over camera. 582' LT. JACK HARDING IS WELCOMED HOME. 587' MS Lt. Jack Harding being carried on the shoulders of a group of men and shaking hands with a number of people. 595' THE END OF THE WORLD FLIGHT, SEATTLE, WASHINGTON, SEPTEMBER 28. DISTANCE 27,537 MILES, IN 5 MONTHS AND 12 DAYS. 607' MS pan right with DWC No. 2 landing. 624' GREETED BY MAJ. MARTIN WHO WAS FORCED OUT OF THE WORLD FLIGHT WHEN HIS PLANE WAS WRECKED IN ALASKA. 633' MS Maj. Martin shaking nands with the aviators standing beside the DWC aircraft CHICAGO. 650' Total footage in reel. Reel 6: LT. COMMANDER BYRD, USN, AND FLOYD BENNETT HOLD FOR AMERICA THE HONOR OF BEING THE FIRST TO REACH THE NORTH POLE BY AIR. BYRD'S STEAMER CHANTLER ARRIVES AT KINGS BAY, SPITZBERGEN. 17' LS's two ships in an ice-clogged harbor. 29' COMMANDER BYRD IS WELCOMED BY HIS FRIENDLY RIVAL CAPT. ROALD AMUNDSEN. 35' MS Roald Amundsen climbing from one ship to another ship and shaking hands with Commander Byrd. 48' BYRD WITH CHARACTERISTIC ENTERPRISE MAKES IMMEDIATE PREPARATION FOR THE DARING HOP OFF. 56' MS's Commander Byrd and Roald Amundsen walking around and looking over Byrd's Fokker tri-motor aircraft with skis, parked in the snow. 64' MLS workmen pushing fuselage and wing section of the Fokker tri-motor across the snow. 71' THE GIANT AIRPLANE MOVES SWIFTLY DOWN A SNOW-CLAD INCLINE TO CLAIM FOR AMERICA THE HONOR OF THE FIRST AERIAL VISITOR TO THE POLE. 84' MLS pan left with ski-equipped Fokker tri~motor aircraft taking off to the left from a snow-covered field. 89' 15 HOURS AND 31 MINUTES AFTER HIS DEPARTURE COMMANDER BYRD'S PLANE RETURNS -- THE POLE CONQUERED BY AIR. 101' MLS pan right with Fokker tri-motor aircraft, equipped with skis, landing on snow-covered field large hangar and snow-covered mountains in the bg. 115' CAPT. AMUNDSEN CONGRATULATES COMMANDER BYRD. 120' MS & MCU Capt. Amundsen shaking hands with Commander Byrd -- many people, dressed in heavy clothing, shake hands with Commander Byrd. 148' CAPT. ROALD AMUNDSEN AND LINCOLN ELLSWORTH, HIS AMERICAN AIDE, ARRIVE AT KINGS BAY, SPITZBERGEN ON THE USS KNUT SKAALOREN READY FOR THE EPOCHAL JOURNEY SOON TO ASTOUND THE WORLD. 165' MLS's Capt. Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth walking back and forth on the deck of the USS KNUT SKAALOREN. 181' FOR THE FIRST TIME IN HISTORY A DIRIGIBLE RAISED THE ARCTIC IN CONQUEST OF THE POLE -- THE NORGE COMPLETES HER TRIP TO SPITZBERGEN FROM ROME. 195' MLS & MS's the dirigible Norge arriving for landing -- in bg is a large hangar for the airship-snow-covered mountains in extreme bg. 205' CAPT. AMUNDSEN AND ELLSWORTH PREPARE TO HOP OFF FOR THE UNKNOWN. 211' CU of Roald Amundsen and Lincoln Ellsworth. 224' THE GREAT DAY ARRIVES AND THE AIRSHIP "NORGE" IS BROUGHT FROM HER HANGAR READY FOR THE FLIGHT TO THE POLE AND ACROSS THE TOP OF THE WORLD TO ALASKA. 239' LS & MCU of the airship "Norge" being backed our of hangar snow-covered mountains in bg. 250' AGAINST THE PICTURESQUE SNOW-CLAD HILLS OF SPITZBERGEN EUROPE'S FARTHEST NORTH. 258' MLS's the airship "Norge" outside hangars -- snow-covered mountains in bg. 288' A FINAL INSPECTION OF THE HIGH-POWERED MOTORS. 273' MS to MLS a workman working on one of the motors on the side of the airship "Norge." 281' AMUNDSEN AND ELLSWORTH BID A LAST FAREWELL. 286' MCU & MS's Amundsen and Ellsworth in the door of the gondola of the airship "Norge" waving to the people around the gondola. 300' OFF FOR THE POLE AND ALASKA, ONE OF THE GREATEST ACHIEVEMENT IN THE HIST0RY OF EXPLORATION. 308' MLS to LS the airship "Norge" taking off from Spitzbergen. 322' WITHOUT COMMAND OF THE AIR WE ARE AT THE MERCY OF ANY FOREIGN NATION. 330' SOMEDAY WE MAY BE DRAWN INTO ANOTHER WAR -- IN EVENT OF AN ATTACK BY AN ENEMY EVEN THOUGH OUR NAVY WERE THE EQUAL OF ANY IN THE WORLD. 344' AMLS of six battleships steaming in a line away from camera and to the left. 351' UNLESS WE HAVE AN ADEQUATE AIR FORCE FOR DEFENSE, ENEMY AIRCRAFT COULD DESTROY OUR GREAT CITIES. 361' LS a flight of eleven bi-winged single engine aircraft flying overhead in a V-formation to the left. 381' IN A GENERAL NAVAL ENGAGEMENT OFF THE NEW ENGLAND COAST WE DEFEAT THE ENEMY. 390' AMLS a line of six battleships in the water. 395' MS a 1920 vintage battleship firing a salvo from its guns. 397' Series of shots of battleships firing their guns and shore batteries firing large guns. 411' MS early model submarine moving to the left. 415' Series of scenes of sailors firing a deck gun, a submarine submerging and its periscope in the water. 432' Series of scenes of Naval craft setting their depth charges and firing them -- shows depth charges going off in bg. 474' MLS a ship sinking. 486' AMS Curtiss PW-8 in flight to the left. 492' AMS as four bombs fall away from the aircraft. 497' MLS bombs hitting and exploding on the USS ALABAMA. 503' AMS a ship in the water rolling over and sinking. 513' AMLS Curtiss-Martin NBS-1 bomber in flight to the right. 515' AMS two bombs falling away from aircraft. 518' Aerial and ground shots of ship sinking. 542' MS's large guns of a battleship firing. 547' BUT WITH COMMAND OF THE AIR THE ENEMY BOMBS NEW YORK CITY. 556' Animation of airships, carrying fighter or bomber aircraft, flying over water toward New York -- shows release of the aircraft and the airships and aircraft flying over New York City. 603' AMLS a flight of four aircraft in flight to the left over New York City. 619' AMLS NBS-1 Curtiss-Martin bomber in flight to the right. 622' Aerial shots looking down as two bombs fall toward ground. 624' Animation of explosions against the New York skyline. 626' AMLS JN-4 in flight to the left. 629' AMLS looking straight down as one large bomb falls away toward ground. 631' Animation of bombs hitting New York City. 643' Series of shots of machine gunner in fighter aircraft firing at other aircraft -- shows aircraft falling and burning and bombs hitting New York City. 681' LS of a barrage or observation balloon falling and catching on fire -- man in parachute descends near the balloon. 700' Animation of a burning city. 721' THE POSSIBILITY OF OUR CITIES BEING DESTROYED WAS DEMONSTRATED IN ARMY AIR SERVICE EXPERIMENTS AS SHOWN BY THE PICTURES YOU HAVE SEEN. 735' AN ADEQUATE ARMY AND NAVY AIR FORCE STILL PROTECT OUR CITIES- DEVELOP A THREE-PLANE NAVY -- UNDERSEA, ON THE SURFACE, AND IN THE AIR. 747' MLS an early model submarine cruising to the left. 755' LS & ELS of a bi-winged twin-pontooned aircraft flying over a group of battleships and destroyers. 761' ELS's groups of airplanes flying over battleships and merchant ships in the water. 774' BUILD THE ARMY AIR SERVICE, DEVELOP C0MMERCIAL AERONAUTICS. 782' AMS Fokker T-2 aircraft in flight to the left. 793' A PEEP INTO THE FUTURE. 797' Animation of an airship flying over city and tying up to a mast located on top of a tall building. 842' WE JUST MAKE AMERICA FIRST IN THE AIR. 847' THESE ARE THE MEN WITH THEIR SHOULDERS TO THE WHEEL. 853' MAJ. GEN. MASON M. PATRICK, CHIEF OF AIR SERVICE, USA, WITH MISS KATHERINE WRIGHT, SISTER OF THE WRIGHT BROTHERS. 866' MS Maj. Gen. Patrick and Miss Wright on the porch steps of a house. 874' REAR ADMIRAL W. A. MOFFETT, CHIEF BUREAU OF AERONAUTICS, USN. 881' MS Rear Admiral Moffett seated at a desk writing on a note pad. 890' COL. B. F. CASTLE, TREASURER OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION. 898' MS Col. Castle seated at a desk. 908' PORTER ADAMS PRESIDENT OF THE NATIONAL AERONAUTICAL ASSOCIATION. 914' MS Porter Adams at a gathering -- Army, Navy and other officials in bg. 923' FREDERICK B. PATTERSON, PAST PRESIDENT OF THE NAA, PRESENTING A MEDAL TO ORVILLE WRIGHT COMMEMORATING THE 20TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE FIRST FLIGHT. 936' MS Mr. Patterson presenting the medal to Orville Wright on the steps of a house. 941' CU of the medal on the medal is: 20TH ANNIVERSARY WRIGHT BROTHERS FIRST FLIGHT, 1903-1923. 943' THE CARDINAL PRINCIPLE OF THE INTERNATIONAL AERONAUTIC ASSOCIATION IS TO SPEED UP AIR MAIL SERVICE; C0MMERCIAL TRANSPORTATION; NATIONAL DEFENSE; PROSPERITY IN PEACE; AND SECURITY IN WAR. 964' THE UNITED STATES IS FALLING BEHIND THE WORLD IN MANPOWER AND COMMERCIAL AVIATION -- THE HELP OF EVERY AMERICAN IS NEEDED. 973' MS's an American flag flying in a breeze. (48 star) 979' THE END. 981' Total footage in reel. Fair (Basic: Mas pos) ALLISONRACHEL (0:00) /

"RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT IN THE ARCTIC" THE STORY OF ARMY ENGINEERS & THEIR FIRST TASK FORCE INTO THE VAST ARCTIC WASTELANDS TO CHALLENGE & CONQUER A NEW & UNEXPLORED FRONTIER.

North Pole MarathonDate - 7th April 2009Location – North PoleSource:Hot Under the Collar ProductionsN.B. No Archive or Library Use North Pole Marathon – Coolest Marathon in the World Competitors in the coldest marathon in the World battle against - 37C.  Story -The world’s coolest marathon, the North Pole Marathon, lived up to its billing when competitors endured temperatures of -37C at the North Pole.  Thirty-eight (38) participants from 14 countries and 6 continents started the 26.2 mile race on Tuesday April 7th at 15:30 GMT. Operated at a drifting Russian ice base at the Geographic North Pole, the event is quite literally run ‘on’ water: the frozen Arctic sea ice. Contestants must negotiate energy sapping soft snow and small ice pressure ridges to complete the race. Every competitor had to have their skin fully protected. Clothing included a full balaclava, goggles, gloves and mittens, longjohns, waterproof running pants and several layers of thermal clothing under a "shell". Hydration is difficult to manage in the excruciating cold. Sweating is one of the biggest issues for the runners to worry about. Mainly for safety reasons the course itself was laid out around the Russian camp where markers were positioned in the snow and ice. Competitors had to complete 9 ‘laps’ of the course but were able to retreat into a refreshment tent every lap to regain body warmth and hydrate themselves with hot drinks and snacks. The elite runners made far fewer ‘tent breaks’. 47 year old Evgeniy Gorkov, a vastly experienced Russian extreme athlete and former skydiver, took the lead from the outset to win in a time of 4:27:05. A close battle for second position ensued before France’s Renaud Michel eventually prevailed over Willy Roberts of New Zealand. Michel was one of four brothers who all finished in the top 8 places. Six women took part in the women’s competition. Pushpa Chandra of Canada edged out Great Britain’s Daniela Spiridigliozzi in the closing stages to win in a time of 7:27:31. Sarah Ames of Germany finished third. Seven of the competitors completed the Grand Slam of marathons, having run on all continents and at both Poles. The race also featured its youngest ever finisher in Stefanie Petterrson of Brazil. The sixteen year-old was accompanied by her father on the course. In addition, Sixty-eight year old Dan Hamner (USA) became the oldest finisher in the seven year history of the race, but in a time just over 13 hours! This race is not for the faint hearted. Despite the correct clothing and preparation there were several cases of frostbite, but this was closely monitored by the Russian medical team who were to hand on-site. For those who successfully conquered the cold, it was a completely exhilarating and unique running experience.  Results:Men’s Race1 Evgeniy Gorkov (Russia) 4:27:052 Renaud Michel (France) 4:44:133 Willy Roberts (New Zealand) 4:44:59 Ladies Race 1 Pushpa Chandra (Canada) 7:27:31

FTG FOR COVERAGE OF THE ROYAL WEDDING OF PRINCE WILLIAM OF WALES AND CATHERINE (KATE) MIDDLETON FTG OF PRINCE HARRY PRESS CONFERENCE / PRESSER / NEWSER Prince Harry has hinted he would like to be involved in an expedition to Mount Everest. The 26-year-old royal, who joined a group of wounded servicemen for four days of a successful trip to the North Pole, said to a charity founder: "See you on the next one." Harry was reunited with his teammates in London today for the first time since he left them in the Arctic wilderness a little under three weeks ago. The third in line to the throne joked with the soldiers about how they had shaved off the beards they grew on the 170-mile expedition and described his tent as a "pleasure dome". Walking With The Wounded, which aims to raise £2 million for other wounded servicemen and women, plans to conquer the world's highest mountain in May next year.

MISC. NEWSREELS

FTG FOR COVERAGE OF THE ROYAL WEDDING OF PRINCE WILLIAM OF WALES AND CATHERINE (KATE) MIDDLETON FTG OF PRINCE HARRY WALKING WITH WOUNDED Prince Harry has hinted he would like to be involved in an expedition to Mount Everest. The 26-year-old royal, who joined a group of wounded servicemen for four days of a successful trip to the North Pole, said to a charity founder: "See you on the next one." Harry was reunited with his teammates in London today for the first time since he left them in the Arctic wilderness a little under three weeks ago. The third in line to the throne joked with the soldiers about how they had shaved off the beards they grew on the 170-mile expedition and described his tent as a "pleasure dome". Walking With The Wounded, which aims to raise £2 million for other wounded servicemen and women, plans to conquer the world's highest mountain in May next year.

Universal International Newsreel

FTG FOR COVERAGE OF THE ROYAL WEDDING OF PRINCE WILLIAM OF WALES AND CATHERINE (KATE) MIDDLETON FTG OF PRINCE HARRY WALKING WITH WOUNDED Prince Harry has hinted he would like to be involved in an expedition to Mount Everest. The 26-year-old royal, who joined a group of wounded servicemen for four days of a successful trip to the North Pole, said to a charity founder: "See you on the next one." Harry was reunited with his teammates in London today for the first time since he left them in the Arctic wilderness a little under three weeks ago. The third in line to the throne joked with the soldiers about how they had shaved off the beards they grew on the 170-mile expedition and described his tent as a "pleasure dome". Walking With The Wounded, which aims to raise £2 million for other wounded servicemen and women, plans to conquer the world's highest mountain in May next year.

WHITE HOUSE PRESIDENT GEORGE W BUSH REMARKS TO TROOPS IN ELMENDORF, ALASKA 1702 - 1932 POTUS Remarks to Troops in Elmendorf, Alaska STIX 18:34:00 POTUS walks out with FLOTUS 18:34:12 POTUS Salutes, waves to crowd and receives applause introduced by: 18:34:41 it's an honor to welcome you and Mrs. Bush back to Alaska 18:34:54 few realize our Commander in Chief is the only U.S. president to live in Alaska 18:35:15 to fight the global war on terror 18:35:31 again, it's my privilege to introduce George Bush 18:35:50 thank you all, thank you all, Thanks for the warm welcome. 18:36:08 Laura and I were in the neighborhood . thought we would drop in on our Nation's "Arctic Warriors." 18:36:24 We are proud to stand with the courageous airmen of Elmendorf Air Force Base . the soldiers of Fort Richardson . the coast guard men and women, the men and women of the Alaskan Command . 18:36:41 and all those who wear the uniform for our country. 18:37:00 the general is right about one thing. I lived here in 1974. 18:37:12 full of decent, dependable people 18:37:36 And here at Elmendorf Air Force Base, you are defending our Nation's frontiers - and securing freedom for future generations of Americans. Servicemen and women have departed this base to help liberate Iraq and Afghanistan . 18:37:40 assist tsunami victims in Indonesia . and help those hit by the recent earthquake in Pakistan. Your courage and commitment are saving lives each day. And I have come to Alaska to tell you: 18:37:54 The American people are grateful for your service - and so is the Commander in Chief. 18:38:06 I also want to thank all the military families who are with us today. 18:38:20 I know that for many of you Alaska is a long way from home - and it gets especially lonely when your loved ones are deployed on dangerous missions in distant lands. 18:38:33 You have built a strong and close-knit community here. You support each other - and you support your loved ones who stand in harm's way. 18:38:42 I am proud of our men and women in the Armed Forces - and I am grateful to the military families who stand behind them. 18:38:55 I want to thank General Fraizer and his wife, 18:39:26 I appreciate the mayor, frm governor hickle 18:40:11 we got a lot of statehouse folks and local folks, but most of all thank you. 18:40:27 In the 20th century, the men and women of Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson stood guard on the front lines of freedom - serving in the shadow of the Soviet Union. 18:40:39 From here, you gave our Nation "Top Cover" - standing ready to defend America at a moment's notice. 18:40:49 And because of the courage of men and women like those who served here, the cause of liberty prevailed in the Cold War - and millions who once lived in chains now live in freedom. 18:41:10 On September 11th, 2001, history called on our Nation to defend freedom once again. 18:41:19 On that morning more than four years ago, Americans witnessed the violence and hatred of a new enemy. 18:41:29 We saw the terrorists' destructive vision for us and for all who love freedom. And in the face of this threat, our Nation has made a clear choice: 18:41:39 We will confront this mortal danger. We will stay on the offensive. 18:41:46 We will not wait to be attacked again. We will press on until this war is won. 18:42:12 this is a vital mission and You are helping to carry out this vital mission. Since September 11th, 2001, thousands of men and women from Elmendorf, Fort Richardson, U.S. Army Alaska, and the Alaska National Guard have served in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other fronts in the war on terror. 18:42:27 The 517th Airlift Squadron has served for over a year in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. 18:42:39 Crews from the 68th Medical Company have saved the lives of our injured and wounded in Afghanistan. The 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team is taking the fight to the enemy with Task Force Freedom in Mosul. 18:42:55 Soldiers of the 95th Chemical Company are in Kuwait dealing with port de-contamination and hazardous material operations. 18:43:06 And the Fourth Battalion of the 123rd Aviation Regiment has been flying support missions throughout Iraq and Kuwait. From the deserts of Iraq to the mountains of Afghanistan, America's Arctic Warriors are leaving their mark - and a legacy of freedom. 18:43:34 Each of you is a volunteer. You stepped forward and took an oath to defend America. And every day you put on your uniforms, you reflect our Nation's highest values and our greatest hopes. 18:43:50 Through your hard work and dedication to duty, you are sacrificing to build a better and safer world for all Americans. 18:44:01 And as you defend our freedom, the American people stand with you. 18:44:16 Every man and woman who volunteers to defend our Nation deserves an unwavering commitment to the mission - and a clear strategy for victory. 18:44:27 And a clear strategy begins with a clear understanding of the enemy we face. For more than four years, we have seen the brutal nature of the terrorists. 18:44:38 They have targeted the innocent many countries, people from most every walk of life. In Casablanca, they killed diners enjoying their evening meal. In Bali, they killed tourists on holiday. 18:44:59 In Beslan, they killed Russian school children. They have murdered workers in Riyadh . commuters in Madrid . hotel guests in Jakarta . guests at a wedding celebration in Amman . they Iraqi children. 18:45:19 The tragic images of innocent victims can make it seem like these terrorist attacks are random, isolated acts of madness. 18:45:28 While these killers choose their victims indiscriminately, their attacks flow from an ideology and a terrifying vision for the world. Their acts are evil, but they are not insane. 18:45:46 Some call this evil Islamic radicalism; others, militant Jihadism; still others, Islamo-fascism. 18:45:51 Whatever we choose to call this enemy, we must recognize that this ideology is very different from the tenets of the great religion of Islam. 18:46:03 This form of radicalism exploits Islam to serve a violent, political vision: the establishment - by terrorism, subversion, and insurgency - of a totalitarian empire that denies all political and religious freedom. 18:46:24 We know the vision of the radicals because they openly state it - in videos, audiotapes, letters, declarations, and websites. 18:46:38 These extremists want to end American and Western influence in the broader Middle East, because we stand for democracy and peace and stand in the way of their ambitions. 18:46:51 The tactics of al-Qaida and other Islamic extremists have been consistent for a quarter-century: They hit us, and they expect us to run. 18:47:05 The terrorists witnessed our response after the attacks on American troops in Beirut in 1983 and Mogadishu in 1993, and they concluded that America can be made to run again - 18:47:20 only this time on a larger scale, with greater consequences. The terrorists are mistaken. 18:47:28 America will never run. We will stand . we will fight . and we will win the war on terror. 18:47:50 The terrorists want to use the vacuum that would be created by an American retreat to gain control of a country - to build a base from which to launch attacks and conduct their war against America and non-radical Muslim governments. 18:48:11 that's what they tell us. That's their stated goal. Over the past few decades, radicals have specifically targeted Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Jordan for potential takeover. 18:48:23 And for a time, they achieved their goal in Afghanistan - until they came face to face with the men and women of our Armed Forces. 18:48:43 In Afghanistan, we put the terrorists on the run - we routed them, and now they have set their sights on another country. 18:48:53 They are trying to turn Iraq into what Afghanistan was under the Taliban - a terrorist sanctuary from which they can plan and launch attacks against our people. 18:49:05 The terrorists regard Iraq as the central front in their war against humanity. And we must recognize Iraq as the central front in our war on terror. 18:49:18 These militants believe that controlling one country will rally the Muslim masses, enabling them to overthrow moderate governments in the region - 18:49:27 and establish a radical Islamic empire that reaches from Spain to Indonesia. 18:49:35 If they are not stopped, the terrorists will be able to advance their agenda: to develop weapons of mass destruction . to destroy Israel . to intimidate Europe . to break our will and blackmail our government into isolation. 18:49:50 I make you a solemn commitment: That's not gonna happen so long as I'm the President of the United States. 18:50:15 Some might be tempted to dismiss the terrorist goals as fanatical or extreme. 18:50:19 They are fanatical and extreme - but we cannot afford to dismiss them. 18:50:26 Evil men, obsessed with ambition and unburdened by conscience, must be taken very seriously. Against such an enemy, there is only one effective response: 18:50:39 We will never back down, we will never give in, we will never accept anything less than complete victory. 18:50:59 We didn't ask for this global struggle, but we are answering history's call with confidence - and with a comprehensive strategy to win this war: 18:51:14 First, we are determined to prevent attacks by terrorist networks - by protecting the homeland, and working with our allies to destroy the terrorist networks and incapacitate their leadership. 18:51:29 Together with our coalition partners, we have disrupted a number of serious al-Qaida terrorist plots since September 11th - including several al-Qaida plots on our homeland. Our coalition against terror has killed or captured nearly all those directly responsible for the September 11th attacks 18:52:03 we've killed or captured several of bin Laden's most senior deputies . and al-Qaida managers and operatives in countries all around the world. And we will stay on the hunt. 18:52:25 We will not relent until the terror networks that threaten us are exposed and broken - and their leaders held to account for their murder. 18:52:41 Second, we are determined to deny weapons of mass destruction to outlaw regimes, and to their terrorist allies who would use them without hesitation. 18:52:53 Working with Great Britain, Pakistan, and other nations, we exposed and disrupted a major black-market operation in nuclear technology led by A.Q. Khan. 18:53:03 Libya has abandoned its chemical and nuclear weapons programs - as well as its long-range ballistic missiles. 18:53:12 And in the last year, America and our partners in the Proliferation Security Initiative have stopped more than a dozen shipments of suspect weapons technology - including equipment for Iran's ballistic missile program. 18:53:28 we will continue to deny the world's most dangerous men the world's most dangerous weapons. 18:53:39 Third, we are determined to deny radical groups the support and sanctuary of outlaw regimes. So I have laid out a clear doctrine: 18:53:48 The United States makes no distinction between those who commit acts of terror and those who support and harbor the terrorists - because they are equally guilty of murder. 18:54:10 Any government that chooses to be an ally of terror has also chosen to be an enemy of civilization - and the civilized world will hold those regimes to account. 18:54:22 Fourth, we are determined to deny the militants control of any nation, which they would use as a home base and launching pad for terror. 18:54:33 This mission has brought new and urgent responsibilities to all of you who wear the uniform. 18:54:39 American troops are fighting beside our Afghan partners against remnants of the Taliban and their al-Qaida allies. 18:54:46 And you are fighting alongside courageous Iraqis against the remnants of a regime and a network of terrorists who want to stop the advance of a free Iraq. 18:54:55 Our goal is to defeat the terrorists and their allies at the heart of their power - and so we will defeat the enemy in Iraq. 18:55:07 As we pursue the terrorists, we have a strategy to go forth: our military is helping to train Iraqi security forces so that they can defend their people and take the fight to the enemy. 18:55:20 We are making steady progress. With every passing month, more and more Iraqi forces are standing up, and the Iraqi military is gaining new capabilities and new confidence. 18:55:33 At the time of our Fallujah operations just a year ago, there were only a few Iraqi army battalions in combat. 18:55:42 Today, there are nearly 90 Iraqi army battalions fighting the terrorists alongside our forces. 18:55:48 American and Iraqi troops are conducting several major assaults to clear out enemy fighters in Baghdad and other parts of Iraq. Iraqi police and security forces are helping clear the terrorists from their strongholds . hold onto areas we have cleared . and prevent the enemy from returning. 18:56:06 Our strategy can be summed up this way: As the Iraqis stand up, we will stand down. And when our commanders on the ground tell me that the Iraqi forces can defend their freedom, our troops will come home with the honor they have earned. The second part of our strategy is a political strategy. Iraqis are also making inspiring progress toward building a democracy. A month ago, millions of Iraqis turned out to vote for a constitution that guarantees fundamental freedoms and lays a foundation for lasting democracy. 18:56:59 In a few weeks, Iraqis will vote again - to choose a fully constitutional government to lead them for the next four years. 18:57:09 this country is making amazing progress from going from the thumb of a dictating tyrant. 18:57:38 the Iraqi people are proving their determination to build a future founded on democracy and hope - and the United States of America will help them succeed. 18:57:59 The fifth element of our strategy in the war on terror is to deny the militants future recruits - by replacing hatred and resentment with democracy and hope across the broader Middle East. 18:58:13 If the Middle East is left to grow in bitterness . if countries remain in misery, while radicals stir the resentments of millions . then that part of the world will be a source of endless conflict and mounting danger. 18:58:27 If the peoples of that region are permitted to choose their own destiny . and advance by their own energy and participation as free men and free women . then the extremists will be marginalized - and the flow of violent radicalism to the rest of the world will slow, and eventually end. 18:58:48 History has proven that free nations are peaceful nations, and that democracies do not fight their neighbors. 18:58:57 By advancing the hope of freedom and democracy for others, we make our own freedom more secure. 18:59:15 The work ahead involves great risk. A time of war is a time of sacrifice - and the greatest burden falls on our military families. 18:59:27 We have lost some of our Nation's finest men and women in the war on terror. Each of these men and women left grieving families and loved ones back home. Each loss is heartbreaking. The best way to honor the sacrifices of our fallen troops is to complete the mission and lay the foundation of peace generations to come. 19:00:09 The outcome of this war will affect every single American. And that makes it a subject of vital debate ­-- and it is important to be clear about the facts. 19:00:23 When our Nation was attacked on September the 11, leaders of both parties recognized a new reality - if we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long. 19:00:42 We had to take a hard look at every threat to America -­ and when we did, one stood apart ­. Saddam Hussein. 19:01:00 Under Saddam's dictatorship, Iraq was the only country in the world where American military pilots faced regular attack. 19:01:05 Iraq was the only country that had used chemical weapons on its own people ... invaded its neighbors ... and fought a war against the United States and a great coalition. 19:01:19 Iraq was one of only seven countries listed as a state sponsor of terror - and it was judged by intelligence agencies around the globe to possess weapons of mass destruction. 19:01:35 After more than a decade of diplomacy, we gave Saddam Hussein a final chance to comply with the United Nations Security Council resolutions ordering him to disclose, disarm, or face serious consequences. 19:01:53 When he refused, we had a choice: Do we take the word of a madman and forget the lessons of September the 11th - or do we take action to defend our country? Given that choice, I will defend America every time. 19:02:24 Combat forces of the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Poland, and other countries enforced the demands of the United Nations -­ and put an end to Saddam's regime. 19:02:36 Because we acted, the Iraqi people now live in freedom ­- and the American people are safer. 19:02:45 Reasonable people can disagree about the conduct of the war -­ but it is irresponsible for Democrats to now claim that we misled them and the American people. 19:03:00 Leaders in my Administration and members of Congress from both parties looked at the same intelligence on Iraq -­ and reached the same conclusion: Saddam Hussein was a threat. 19:03:19 Let me give you quotes from three senior Democrats: First, quote, "There is unmistakable evidence that Saddam Hussein is working aggressively to develop nuclear weapons." End quote. 19:03:36 another senior democrat leader one, quote, "The war against terrorism will not be finished as long as [Saddam Hussein] is in power." End quote. 19:03:51 here's the way another Democratic leader summed it up, quote, "Saddam Hussein, in effect, has thumbed his nose at the world community. And I think that the President's approaching this in the right fashion." 19:04:08 They spoke the truth then, and they're speaking politics now. 19:04:28 The truth is that investigations of the intelligence on Iraq have concluded that only one person manipulated evidence and misled the world -­ and that person was Saddam Hussein. 19:04:37 In early 2004, when weapons inspector David Kay testified that he had not found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, he also testified that, quote, "Iraq was in clear material violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441. 19:04:56 They maintained programs and activities, and they certainly had the intentions at a point to resume their programs. 19:05:04 So there was a lot they wanted to hide because it showed what they were doing that was illegal." 19:05:11 Eight months later, weapons inspector Charles Duelfer issued a report that found, quote, "Saddam Hussein so dominated the Iraqi Regime that its strategic intent was his alone. 19:05:23 He wanted to end sanctions while preserving the capability to reconstitute his weapons of mass destruction when the sanctions were lifted." 19:05:38 Some of our elected leaders have opposed this war all along. I disagree with them, but I respect their willingness to take a consistent stand. 19:05:46 some Democrats who voted to authorize the use of force are now rewriting the past. They are playing politics with this issue and sending mixed signals to our troops and the enemy. And That's is irresponsible. 19:06:04 As our troops fight a ruthless enemy determined to destroy our way of life, they deserve to know that their elected leaders who voted to send them to war continue to stand behind them. 19:06:30 Our troops deserve to know that this support will remain firm when the going gets tough. 19:06:38 And our troops deserve to know that whatever our differences in Washington, our will is strong, our nation is united, and we will settle for nothing less than victory. 19:06:59 Thanks to our men and women in uniform, the Iraqi and Afghan people are building democracies and as they do so, inspiring people across the broader Middle East - and freedom's advance has only just begun. 19:07:18 In our lifetime, we have seen the power of freedom to conquer evil, and take root in previously unfamiliar soil. 19:07:23 Freedom is the mightiest force of history - because the desire for liberty is embedded in the soul of every man, woman, and child on the face of this earth. 19:07:43 If we are steadfast, if we do our duty, this young century will be freedom's century - and we will have done our duty by laying the foundations of peace for generations to come. Laura and I are honored to be here with those who wear our nation's uniform. And those who honor those in uniform God bless all those who serve our Nation, and God continue to Bless the United States of America. Thank you very much. 19:08:29 end 19:08:41 Laura and POTUS shake hands on stage 19:09:10 POTUS waves to crowd, shakes a few kids' hands 19:09:38 continues gladhanding off-stage for a few minutes 19:16:32 final wave, exits out of view

[NPR DEBATE / RS 136] [NPR RADIO - ONLY / DEBATE FEATURING CANDIDATES / AUDIO ONLY / RS 136] ****** NO VIDEO ****** AUDIO ONLY ******* RADIO ADDRESS ******** 14:06:50 MODERATOR: THIS IS A RADIO ONLY DEBATE... I'LL BE ASKING SPECIFIC ANSWERS TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS...WE ASK THAT YOU HOLD YOUR QUESTIONS FOR 5 MINUTES. WE HAVE 2 HOURS..WE'LL TALK ABOUT SPECIFIC ISSUES LIKE HEALTH CARE...AND BROADER ISSUES ABOUT WHO YOU ARE AND HOW YOU THINK. 14:08:07 MODERATOR: UNCONDITIONAL WAR ON POVERTY. WHY ARE SO MANY AMERICANS LIVING IN POVERTY? 14:08:26 DEAN: MEDICARE IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE. WHO ARE THE BENEFICIARIES $85 B GOES TO HMOS. I WAS IN NORTH DAKOTA YESTERDAY. THIS IS A COUNTRY WHICH IS A GREAT COUNTRY AND BUSINESS HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TOO,. WE NEED A PROGRAM LIKE LYNDON JOHNSON LIKE HEAD START... 14:09:20 MODERATOR: (TO GEPHARDT) MANY PEOPLE FEEL JADED ABOUT THE POLITICAL PROCESS. WHY AND HOW TO FIX IT 14:09:39 GEPHARDT: CAMPAIGN AND CAMPAIGN REFORMS. I ACTUALLY BROUGHT JOHN MCCAIN TO MY OFFICE GOT CONGRESS ON BOARD...WE GOT IT DONE AND I'M PROUD. PEOPLE HAVE GIVEN UP THEY THINK SPECIAL INTERESTS HAVE GONE AMOK 14:10:38 MODERATOR: (TO KERRY) DOES IT NEED A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT? 14:10:52 KERRY: I THINK THE SINGLE GREATEST PROBLEM I HAVE PERSONALLY REFUSED IN ALL 4 ELECTIONS TO SENATE HAVE NEVER TAKEN PAC MONEY. PAUL WELLSTONE AND I WROTE CLEAN LAW. WHAT'S HAPPENED IS 50%...WE'RE EXPERIENCING THE GREATEST PERIOD OF CRONY CAPITALISM 14:12:05 THE BIGGEST SINGLE REASON WHY NOT HEARD. THEY TURNED IT INTO A 3OM GREATEST SINGLE EXAMPLE OF FEEDING AT THE CONGRESSIONAL TROUGH. BUSH IS FEEDING THAT..FOUGHT AGAINST THIS ALL MY LIFE...ARCTIC WILDLIFE REFUGE 14:12:56 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) HOW WOULD YOU ADDRESS DESEGREGATION - 50 YEARS AFTER BROWN V BOARD OF ED? 14:13:14 DESEGREGATION FIRST THING WE MUST DO IS PAY ATTENTION TO OUR INNER CITY SCHOOLS WANTING FOR CAPITAL RESOURCES BETTER PAID TEACHERS UNIVERSAL PRE KINDERGARTEN PROGRAM 5 DAY A WEEK DAY CARE SOCIAL SKILLS NUTRITION WE NEE TO UNIVERSAL COLLEGE EDUCATION TO HAVE THE CHANCE TO PULL THEMSELVES UP BY THEIR BOOTSTRAPS 14:14:20 MODERATOR: SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE FREEDOM OF RELIGION? 14:14:34 LIEBERMAN: THIS IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR AND PUBLIC SQUARE PROTECTS EVERYONE'S ABILITY TO CHOOSE. RIGHT OF LIFE LIBERTY AND PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS. FREEDOM OF RELIGION V. FROM RELIGION FROM THE PUBLIC SQ. WE ARE MOST RELIGIOUS NATION AND TOLERANT...FAITH IS SOURCE OF UNITY..WE DIMINISH OURSELVES. 14:15:48 (TO CMB) WHAT ABOUT ABANDONING ELECTORAL COLLEGE V POPULAR VOTE? 14:16:09 CMB: THIS WAS CHANGED IN 1918 WE'VE PASSED TIME WHEN ELECTORAL COLLEGE HAS TO GO. KIWIS..WHO DIDN'T KNOW. WANT TO GO BACK TO CAMPAIGN FINANCE..HOW DO WE INVIGORATE OUR DEMOCRACY..AS FEMALE AFRICAN AMER HAD THE HARDEST TIME DEALING WITH THE RULES THAT HOWARD WAS TALKING ABOUT. GETTING GRASS ROOTS ENERGIZED SHOULD BE OUR # 1 GOAL 14:17:21 MODERATOR: (TO GEPH.) CAN YOU THINK OF A GOVT PROGRAM THAT WE CAN ELIMINATE 14:17:38 GEPHARDT: THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS WE CUT BACK AN D ELIMINATED. ONE PROGRAM I WOULD CUT IS TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS. WE SHOULD BE GETTING RID OF IT. WE SHOULD ALSO GET RID OF STARS WARS...WITHOUT ANY VALID TEST DOES NOT MAKE GOOD SENSE. TO GET BUDGET STRAIGHTENED OUT ..NEED JOBS 14:18:38 DEAN. U.N. WAS FOUNDED DOES UN NEED REFORM UN HAS GONE THROUGH REFORM..COULD USE MORE...BUSH MADE HUGE MISTAKE IN NOT USING THIS..HIS FATHER SHOWED COULD MAKE MORE OF COALITIONS. UN IS VERY POWERFUL GOOD PLACE FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES..ADDITIONAL REFORMS COULD BE MADE.. THIS PRESIDENT HAS MISUSED 14:20:00 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) WANTED TO FOLLOW UP ON DOMESTIC SPENDING CUTS 14:20:14 KUCINICH: PROGRAMS I WOULD CUT IS 15% CUT IN PENTAGON WHAT WE NEED IS PROGRAM TO CHALLENGE POVERTY, NEW WPA UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TECH WITH GOVERNMENT, AND WTO AND HAFTA ...COMMERCIAL BREAK... 14:22:19 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) HOW TO STEP UP AND FILL VOID OF UN? 14:22:36 KUCINICH: US GIVE UP AMBITIONS TO CONTROL OIL UNTIL IRAQ TURN OVER TO UN THE CONTRACTING PROCESS NO MORE HALLIBURTON SWEETHEART DEALS,.NEXT THING WOULD BE US RENOUNCE INTEREST IN PRIVATIZATION. FINAL THING WOULD BE UN THESE ARE PRECONDITIONS FOR PEACE US TO GET OUT WITHIN 90 DAYS 14:23:37 MODERATOR: (TO DEAN) THIS ADMIN SEEMS DEADLOCKED ON JULY DEADLINE 14:23:57 DEAN:...THOUGHT IRAQ WAS A MISTAKE IN THE FIRST PLACE. NOW THAT WE'RE THERE IF WE PULL OUT PRECIPITOUSLY OR TURN OVER PRECIPITOUSLY AND AL QAEDA GETS A FOOTHOLD. IF THEY'RE GOING TO WRITE A NEW CONSTITUTION NEEDS TO FEEL LIKE THEY THE TIMETABLE IS UNLIKELY AND MOSTLY DRIVEN BY KARL ROVE. MODERATOR: SO WHAT'S YOUR TIMETABLE? 14:25:11 DEAN: I BELIEVE WE SHOULD PULL OUT AS SOON AS WE CAN BUT 90 DAYS 14:25:23 MODERATOR: (TO GEPHARDT) SAID SURE THEY'D FIND WMD DID NOT FEEL MISLEAD WHEN HEAD OF CIA ASSURED YOU? 14:25:44 GEPHARDT: I DIDN'T JUST LISTEN TO G. BUSH TALKED TO PEOPLE IN CLINTON ADMIN THEY ALL SAID VERY LIKELY THAT SADDAM HAD WMD GOT TO DO WHAT IT TAKES TO KEEP PEOPLE SAFE. WHY INTELLIGENCE WENT WRONG. NEED BLUE RIBBON PANEL.. 14:26:42 MODERATOR: (TO CMB) DOES IT MATTER IF THERE'S WMD? 14:26:52 CMB: DON'T THINK THIS ADMIN HAS ANY CREDIBILITY POST 9/11 INSTEAD OF GOING AFTER OBL AND AL QAEDA WE GOT DUCK TAPE AND TERROR ALERTS BASED ON INTEL THAT AT THE TIME ANYONE REALLY BELIEVED IN. IT'S DONE NOW WE NEED TO GET OUT AS SOON AS WE CAN..DO IT IN WAY THAT REESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY 14:28:07 PAKISTAN IS ALSO ESSENTIAL ALLY IN WAR ON TERROR 14:28:22 KERRY: YOU HAVE TO BALANCE 2 ATTEMPTS ON LIFE OF MUSHARRAF. SPECTER OF ISLAMIC STATE IS WHAT IS AT RISK IN PAKISTAN TODAY...MISLED US AND WORLD FOR YEARS. HE LIED TO MY FACE THAT'S WHEN WE PUT SANCTIONS IN PLACE. NEED TO WALK A VERY FINE LINE. CAN BE TOUGH WITH PAKISTAN..WE KNOW HE'S UP THERE HAVE NOT PUSHED HARD ENOUGH COMB OF INITI WITH INDIA 14:29:29 CMB: KERRY IS RIGHT - WHEN BHUTAR..MUSHARRAF OVERTHREW A DEMOCRAT. ELECTED GOVT RUMORS THAT BIN LADEN IS HANGING OUT IN NW TERRITORIES THERE HAVE TO BE VERY CLEAR 14:30:10 DEAN - AS WE SIT HERE PRES REFUSING TO ENGAGE IN BILATERAL DISCUSSIONS WITH N. KOREA..DANGER IS NOT THAT THEY'LL ATTACK US BUT DANGER IS LIKE FOR PAKISTAN. THIS PRES IS NOT PROTECTING THIS COUNTRY AS HE SHOULD. IF N. KOREA ENDS UP WITH NUCLEAR 14:31:02 KUCINICH - RISK OF FIRST STRIKE. LOST CREDIBILITY FROM ANY NATION - REASSERTING NON-PROLIF TREATY THAT'S HOW WE REGAIN CREDIBILITY 14:31:34 GEPH - ADMIN HAS FAILED TO STOP SAUDI IN MADRAS SCHOOLS IN PAKISTAN PREVENTING YOUNG TERRORISTS FROM THEY HAVE NUCLEAR POWER. PRES NOT DOING ENOUGH TO PREVENT NEW TERRORISTS FROM PAKISTAN FROM GETTING TO US 14:32:21 QUESTION: WRT MADRAS- WHERE DO WE GET OFF TELLING PEOPLE ON HOW TO RUN THEIR SCHOOLS? 14:32:37 GEPHARDT: WHEN YOU HAVE SCHOOLS MANUFACTURING FACILITY ON TERRORISM FUNDED IN LARGE PART BY SOME MEMBERS OF SAUDI SOCIETY 14:33:03 LIEBERMAN: THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREAT IS FROM FANAT ISLAMIC TERRORIST OBL DOES NOT CONTEMPLATE CONQUERING US. - MOST LIKELY CANDIDATES ARE PAKISTAN..WOEFULLY DISENGAGED FROM PLAYING THE CONSTRUCTIVE MEDIATIVE ROLE BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN 14:34:05 KERRY: THIS ADMIN NEGLIG ABSENT FROM PLAYING MEDIATIVE ROLE - SHOULD HAVE PURCHASED RUSSS...WORKED WITH INDIA TO CREATE A NUCLEAR OVERSIGHT CAPACITY - SHOULD REGIME FALL, NUCLEAR POWER NOT INTO WRONG HANDS...DEEPEST LEVEL OF FOREIGN POLICY EXPERIENCE SO THAT WE IN FACT FIGHT 14:35:07 DEAN: ONE QUICK POINT - THE WAR IS BETWEEN ISLAMIC RADICALS AND MODERATES. EVERYONE INCL. MODERATES HAVE INTEREST IN NOT I TOTALLY AGREE WITH COMMENTS ABOUT THE SAUDIS 14:35:43 MODERATOR: HOW DO YOU CONVINCE THEM NOT TO DO THAT? 14:35:51 DEAN - RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY WOULD GO ALONG WAY 14:36:06 CMB - IT HAS HAPPENED BEFORE THAT AFTER WW2 WE DID THIS MUCH FOR GERMANY AS WELL AS JAPAN THE KIND OF MILITARISM ...WAS ENDED TO USE OUR DIPLOMACY 14:36:44 KUCINICH - HOW MUCH CREDIB DO WE HAVE IN TEACHING PEACE WHEN WE..NEED TO DO THIS BY EXAMPLE, NEED TO ENGAGE THE WORLD LAND OF SCOTT KEYES OF HOME AND BRAVE 14:37:25 LIEBERMAN: HOW DO WE CONVINCE THEM OF THE SAUDIS BACK OF THE TIGERS THEY WILL BE OVERTHROWN GREAT VICTORY WILL BE TO EMPOWER ISLAMS TO LIVE FREER LIVES...ALLOW US TO HELP THEM ...INTERNATIONAL MARSHALL PLAN FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD 14:38:09 MODERATOR: TAIWAN HAS SCHEDULED PROV REFERENDUM LEAD THEM TO POLICY OF INDEPENDENCE- WHERE WILL YOU STAND? 14:38:37 KERRY- US HAS ALWAYS HAD 1 CHINA POLICY AT SAME TIME, NO PRES COULD ALLOW TAIWAN TO SLIP BACKWARDS FROM DEMOCRACY IT HAS ACHIEVED. CONSTRUCT AMBIGUITY AS TO WHAT STEPS WE'LL EXACTLY TAKE, BUT WILL TOLERATE NO INVASION. WHILE WE'RE SUPPORTIVE, NOT ACCEPTABLE TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE... 14:39:48 LIEBERMAN - AMERICA IS ALWAYS STRONGEST WHEN WE STAND BY PRINCIPALS. CHINA IS NOT A DEMOCRACY TAIWAN IS. STARTLED WHEN PRES OF TAIWAN IN MIDST OF ELECTION CALLED FOR REFERENDUM WHEN MISSILES POINTED AT TAIWAN SHOULD BE REMOVED..BUSH TURNED HIS BACK 14:40:37 KERRY 0 SURELY YOU AGREE THEY SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO DECLARE INEPT? 14:40:53 LIEBERMAN - YES BUT THIS WAS NOT A REFERENDUM ON INDEP BUT ON REMOVING MISSILES POINTED AT TAIWAN *****COMMERCIAL BREAK********' 14:43:31 DEAN FACT IS I WANT HEALTH INSUR. WE HAVE TO BALANCE THE BUDGET AND DECENT AMERICA FOR BASIC NEEDS TAKEN CARE OF WE NEED ..NO MIDDLE TAX CUT FOR AMERICANS. PROPERTY TAXES WENT UP .. ON BALANCE WHILE INDIVIDUALS WENT UP.. I BELIEVE WE CAN HAVE TH4E SAME TAXES AS WHEN CLINTON WAS IN 14:44:39 LIEBERMAN - ULTIMATELY HE WOULD REPEAL MIDDLE TAX CUTS. WOULD TAKE IT BACK FROM AVG NEW HAMP FAMILY $2000 PROPOSE NEW MIDDLE CLASS TAX CUT...MORE AND MORE NEED A BREATH 14:45:21 KUCINICH - DEAN AND IF PROP TAX WENT UP MAINLY BECAUSE O THE TAX CUTS ON RICH...AND HE REINSTATES THE MARRIAGE PENALTY.. DEAN HAS PROGRAM TO RAISE PEOPLE'S INCOME TAX BEYOND..INCREASE BURDEN 14:46:16 DEAN: I THINK WHAT JOHN JUST SAID. HOGWASH. REASON FOR TAXES THAT IS HIGHER IS BECAUSE HIGHER INSURANCE...THEY WILL HAVE HEALTH INS CAN GO TO COLLEGE..MAKE SURE ALL MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE CAN SEND THEIR KIDS TO COLLEGE 14:47:15 KERRY - NOT HOGWASH. ANGELA HAS HEALTHCARE IS GOING TO PAY ADDL $200 IN TAXES, THESE PEOPLE CAN'T AFFORD DEAN'S INCREASE IN TAXES 14:47:46 KUCINICH - BUSH CUTS HAVE MADE SHAMBLES OF OUR ECONOMY. I WOULD CREATE PROGRESSIVE TAX ON ALL FAMILIES CLOSE CORPOR TAX LOOPHOLES AND ELIMINATE CUTS ON WEALTHY 14:48:27 CMB - DENNIS IS RIGHT. CONVERSATION 80% PAY MORE IN PAYROLL TAX THAN THEIR INCOME TAX BECAUSE OF HEALTH CARE COST BECAUSE OF SHIFING OF NATIONAL TO LOCAL AND STATE GOVT EVERYTHING HAS GOING UP AND END OF PROGRESSIVITY 14:49:19 DEAN - I THINK WE NEED TO HELP EVERYONE WITH HEALTH INSURANCE - I WILL GIVE EVERY9ONE $3000 IN BENEFITS MORE THAN THE 500=-700 . I THINK THAT' S RISKY PROPOSAL IF WE'RE GOING TO UNDERMINE THE SS SYSTEM 14:49:59 KERRY - THAT WAS A PROPOSAL EARLIER 20% DON'T PAY SS BENEFITS..GIVE THEM DOES NOTHING TO UNDERMINE SS. HERE'S THE REALITY HERE IN IOWA TUITION HAS GONE UP 1800..YOU ARE GOING TO ADD TO THAT...MARRIAGE PENALTY REINSTATED 14:51:02 LIEBERMAN - WE ALL AGREE WE WANT TO DENY BUSH SECOND TERM. I NEVER HEARD OF WINNING ON TAX INCREASES. CHILD CARE, COST OF LIVING, NEED A TAX CUT. AM PROPOSING ADDITIONAL TAX CUT THAN DEAN 14:51:43 DEAN - FIRST, IF SOMEONE HAS 5 KIDS, SHE'S FAR BETTER OFF UNDER MY PLAN - THE ISSUE IS THAT TOO MANY POLITICIANS WHO PROMISE TOO MANY THINGS I WANT TO BALANCE THE BUDGET YOU CANNOT PROMISE AND SAY IT'LL ALL BE FINE. I WANT FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY AND HELP MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE 14:52:47 MODERATOR: DEAN YOU MADE THE CAMPAIGN PROMISES - SURELY YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO PAY FOR THIS EVEN IF YOU REPEAL BUSH CUT? 14:53:14 DEAN: YES THERE IS $3 TRILLION 14:53:22 KUCINICH - IT'S INTERESTING TO HEAR GOV DEAN ASSERTION ABOUT BALANCING BUDGET WHEN HE REFUSES TO ADMIT THERE NEEDS TO BE CUTS IN PENTAGON BUDGET..THIS POINT TAKES 50% OF THE BUDGET IS TAKEN UP BY DEFENSE HOW DO BALANCE 14:53:50 NPR moderator notes that Kucinich is holding up a pie chart, "not entirely effective on the radio" 14:54:10 DEAN - THE REASON WHY WE CAN'T CUT PENTAGON BUDGET IS BECAUSE WE'RE NOT SAFE ENOUGH. I DON'T THINK WE SHOULD BUILD STAR WARS, BUT WE DON'T HAVE ADEQUATE INTELLIGENCE OR SPECIAL OPS FORCES..AND STILL PROTECT AMERICA 14:54:53 LIEBERMAN - SOMEONE MADE POINT ABOUT PAYING FOR,. MY TAX CUT WILL ASK THE TOP 2% TO PAY FOR IT IF YOU REPEAL LAST 2 YEAR'S CUTS, YOU ALSO LOSE INCENTIVES FOR SMALL BUSINESSES 14:55:35 CMB - UNDER LAST PRESIDENT WE HAD ECONOMY WORKING FOR ALL AMERICAN PEOPLE. NOW THE PERM PARTS WILL BENEFIT PEOPLE'S WHO NEED IT THE LEAST. WE DO NOT HAVE TAX FAIRNESS IS THE GOAL THAT 14:56:25 KERRY - ARE WE BETTER OFF TOMORROW BECAUSE THEY'RE GOING TO PAY ON TOP OF HEALTH CARE COSTS..IN BALANCING BUDGET IF THEY SAID 4 YEARS OR 5 YEARS. WE BALANCED THE BUDGET WITH CLINTON WE DON'T HAVE TO TAKE IT..WE CAN BALANCE THE BUDGET BUT CLOSE LOOPHOLES FOR CORPORATIONS IN BERMUDA... 14:57:26 MODERATOR: WANTED TO GET BACK TO GEPHARDT -- SAID YOU'RE READY TO TELL AMERICA IF THEY LIKE BUSH TAX CUTS VOTE FOR BUSH? 14:57:51 GEPH - OUT OF CONTEXT...IF WE'RE GOING TO BEAT BUSH WE HAVE TO TAKE HIM ON HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL SEC. THE REPUBLICANS HAVE WANTED TO GET RID OF SS -- HOWARD'S POSITION ON MEDICARE WILL NOT LET US BEAT BUSH.. HE SAID MEDICARE WAS THE WORST FED PROGRAM EVER. ******COMMERCIAL BREAK********* 15:00:14 15:08:32

[NPR RADIO - ONLY / DEBATE FEATURING CANDIDATES / AUDIO ONLY / RS 136] ****** NO VIDEO ****** AUDIO ONLY ******* RADIO ADDRESS ******** 14:06:50 MODERATOR: THIS IS A RADIO ONLY DEBATE... I'LL BE ASKING SPECIFIC ANSWERS TO SPECIFIC QUESTIONS...WE ASK THAT YOU HOLD YOUR QUESTIONS FOR 5 MINUTES. WE HAVE 2 HOURS..WE'LL TALK ABOUT SPECIFIC ISSUES LIKE HEALTH CARE...AND BROADER ISSUES ABOUT WHO YOU ARE AND HOW YOU THINK. 14:08:07 MODERATOR: UNCONDITIONAL WAR ON POVERTY. WHY ARE SO MANY AMERICANS LIVING IN POVERTY? 14:08:26 DEAN: MEDICARE IS A PERFECT EXAMPLE. WHO ARE THE BENEFICIARIES $85 B GOES TO HMOS. I WAS IN NORTH DAKOTA YESTERDAY. THIS IS A COUNTRY WHICH IS A GREAT COUNTRY AND BUSINESS HAS A RESPONSIBILITY TOO,. WE NEED A PROGRAM LIKE LYNDON JOHNSON LIKE HEAD START... 14:09:20 MODERATOR: (TO GEPHARDT) MANY PEOPLE FEEL JADED ABOUT THE POLITICAL PROCESS. WHY AND HOW TO FIX IT 14:09:39 GEPHARDT: CAMPAIGN AND CAMPAIGN REFORMS. I ACTUALLY BROUGHT JOHN MCCAIN TO MY OFFICE GOT CONGRESS ON BOARD...WE GOT IT DONE AND I'M PROUD. PEOPLE HAVE GIVEN UP THEY THINK SPECIAL INTERESTS HAVE GONE AMOK 14:10:38 MODERATOR: (TO KERRY) DOES IT NEED A CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT? 14:10:52 KERRY: I THINK THE SINGLE GREATEST PROBLEM I HAVE PERSONALLY REFUSED IN ALL 4 ELECTIONS TO SENATE HAVE NEVER TAKEN PAC MONEY. PAUL WELLSTONE AND I WROTE CLEAN LAW. WHAT'S HAPPENED IS 50%...WE'RE EXPERIENCING THE GREATEST PERIOD OF CRONY CAPITALISM 14:12:05 THE BIGGEST SINGLE REASON WHY NOT HEARD. THEY TURNED IT INTO A 3OM GREATEST SINGLE EXAMPLE OF FEEDING AT THE CONGRESSIONAL TROUGH. BUSH IS FEEDING THAT..FOUGHT AGAINST THIS ALL MY LIFE...ARCTIC WILDLIFE REFUGE 14:12:56 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) HOW WOULD YOU ADDRESS DESEGREGATION - 50 YEARS AFTER BROWN V BOARD OF ED? 14:13:14 DESEGREGATION FIRST THING WE MUST DO IS PAY ATTENTION TO OUR INNER CITY SCHOOLS WANTING FOR CAPITAL RESOURCES BETTER PAID TEACHERS UNIVERSAL PRE KINDERGARTEN PROGRAM 5 DAY A WEEK DAY CARE SOCIAL SKILLS NUTRITION WE NEE TO UNIVERSAL COLLEGE EDUCATION TO HAVE THE CHANCE TO PULL THEMSELVES UP BY THEIR BOOTSTRAPS 14:14:20 MODERATOR: SEPARATION OF CHURCH AND STATE FREEDOM OF RELIGION? 14:14:34 LIEBERMAN: THIS IS DIFFERENCE BETWEEN INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR AND PUBLIC SQUARE PROTECTS EVERYONE'S ABILITY TO CHOOSE. RIGHT OF LIFE LIBERTY AND PURSUIT OF HAPPINESS. FREEDOM OF RELIGION V. FROM RELIGION FROM THE PUBLIC SQ. WE ARE MOST RELIGIOUS NATION AND TOLERANT...FAITH IS SOURCE OF UNITY..WE DIMINISH OURSELVES. 14:15:48 (TO CMB) WHAT ABOUT ABANDONING ELECTORAL COLLEGE V POPULAR VOTE? 14:16:09 CMB: THIS WAS CHANGED IN 1918 WE'VE PASSED TIME WHEN ELECTORAL COLLEGE HAS TO GO. KIWIS..WHO DIDN'T KNOW. WANT TO GO BACK TO CAMPAIGN FINANCE..HOW DO WE INVIGORATE OUR DEMOCRACY..AS FEMALE AFRICAN AMER HAD THE HARDEST TIME DEALING WITH THE RULES THAT HOWARD WAS TALKING ABOUT. GETTING GRASS ROOTS ENERGIZED SHOULD BE OUR # 1 GOAL 14:17:21 MODERATOR: (TO GEPH.) CAN YOU THINK OF A GOVT PROGRAM THAT WE CAN ELIMINATE 14:17:38 GEPHARDT: THERE ARE A NUMBER OF PROGRAMS WE CUT BACK AN D ELIMINATED. ONE PROGRAM I WOULD CUT IS TACTICAL NUCLEAR WEAPONS. WE SHOULD BE GETTING RID OF IT. WE SHOULD ALSO GET RID OF STARS WARS...WITHOUT ANY VALID TEST DOES NOT MAKE GOOD SENSE. TO GET BUDGET STRAIGHTENED OUT ..NEED JOBS 14:18:38 DEAN. U.N. WAS FOUNDED DOES UN NEED REFORM UN HAS GONE THROUGH REFORM..COULD USE MORE...BUSH MADE HUGE MISTAKE IN NOT USING THIS..HIS FATHER SHOWED COULD MAKE MORE OF COALITIONS. UN IS VERY POWERFUL GOOD PLACE FOR RESOLVING DISPUTES..ADDITIONAL REFORMS COULD BE MADE.. THIS PRESIDENT HAS MISUSED 14:20:00 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) WANTED TO FOLLOW UP ON DOMESTIC SPENDING CUTS 14:20:14 KUCINICH: PROGRAMS I WOULD CUT IS 15% CUT IN PENTAGON WHAT WE NEED IS PROGRAM TO CHALLENGE POVERTY, NEW WPA UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TECH WITH GOVERNMENT, AND WTO AND HAFTA ...COMMERCIAL BREAK... 14:22:19 MODERATOR: (TO KUCINICH) HOW TO STEP UP AND FILL VOID OF UN? 14:22:36 KUCINICH: US GIVE UP AMBITIONS TO CONTROL OIL UNTIL IRAQ TURN OVER TO UN THE CONTRACTING PROCESS NO MORE HALLIBURTON SWEETHEART DEALS,.NEXT THING WOULD BE US RENOUNCE INTEREST IN PRIVATIZATION. FINAL THING WOULD BE UN THESE ARE PRECONDITIONS FOR PEACE US TO GET OUT WITHIN 90 DAYS 14:23:37 MODERATOR: (TO DEAN) THIS ADMIN SEEMS DEADLOCKED ON JULY DEADLINE 14:23:57 DEAN:...THOUGHT IRAQ WAS A MISTAKE IN THE FIRST PLACE. NOW THAT WE'RE THERE IF WE PULL OUT PRECIPITOUSLY OR TURN OVER PRECIPITOUSLY AND AL QAEDA GETS A FOOTHOLD. IF THEY'RE GOING TO WRITE A NEW CONSTITUTION NEEDS TO FEEL LIKE THEY THE TIMETABLE IS UNLIKELY AND MOSTLY DRIVEN BY KARL ROVE. MODERATOR: SO WHAT'S YOUR TIMETABLE? 14:25:11 DEAN: I BELIEVE WE SHOULD PULL OUT AS SOON AS WE CAN BUT 90 DAYS 14:25:23 MODERATOR: (TO GEPHARDT) SAID SURE THEY'D FIND WMD DID NOT FEEL MISLEAD WHEN HEAD OF CIA ASSURED YOU? 14:25:44 GEPHARDT: I DIDN'T JUST LISTEN TO G. BUSH TALKED TO PEOPLE IN CLINTON ADMIN THEY ALL SAID VERY LIKELY THAT SADDAM HAD WMD GOT TO DO WHAT IT TAKES TO KEEP PEOPLE SAFE. WHY INTELLIGENCE WENT WRONG. NEED BLUE RIBBON PANEL.. 14:26:42 MODERATOR: (TO CMB) DOES IT MATTER IF THERE'S WMD? 14:26:52 CMB: DON'T THINK THIS ADMIN HAS ANY CREDIBILITY POST 9/11 INSTEAD OF GOING AFTER OBL AND AL QAEDA WE GOT DUCK TAPE AND TERROR ALERTS BASED ON INTEL THAT AT THE TIME ANYONE REALLY BELIEVED IN. IT'S DONE NOW WE NEED TO GET OUT AS SOON AS WE CAN..DO IT IN WAY THAT REESTABLISHMENT OF CIVIL SOCIETY 14:28:07 PAKISTAN IS ALSO ESSENTIAL ALLY IN WAR ON TERROR 14:28:22 KERRY: YOU HAVE TO BALANCE 2 ATTEMPTS ON LIFE OF MUSHARRAF. SPECTER OF ISLAMIC STATE IS WHAT IS AT RISK IN PAKISTAN TODAY...MISLED US AND WORLD FOR YEARS. HE LIED TO MY FACE THAT'S WHEN WE PUT SANCTIONS IN PLACE. NEED TO WALK A VERY FINE LINE. CAN BE TOUGH WITH PAKISTAN..WE KNOW HE'S UP THERE HAVE NOT PUSHED HARD ENOUGH COMB OF INITI WITH INDIA 14:29:29 CMB: KERRY IS RIGHT - WHEN BHUTAR..MUSHARRAF OVERTHREW A DEMOCRAT. ELECTED GOVT RUMORS THAT BIN LADEN IS HANGING OUT IN NW TERRITORIES THERE HAVE TO BE VERY CLEAR 14:30:10 DEAN - AS WE SIT HERE PRES REFUSING TO ENGAGE IN BILATERAL DISCUSSIONS WITH N. KOREA..DANGER IS NOT THAT THEY'LL ATTACK US BUT DANGER IS LIKE FOR PAKISTAN. THIS PRES IS NOT PROTECTING THIS COUNTRY AS HE SHOULD. IF N. KOREA ENDS UP WITH NUCLEAR 14:31:02 KUCINICH - RISK OF FIRST STRIKE. LOST CREDIBILITY FROM ANY NATION - REASSERTING NON-PROLIF TREATY THAT'S HOW WE REGAIN CREDIBILITY 14:31:34 GEPH - ADMIN HAS FAILED TO STOP SAUDI IN MADRAS SCHOOLS IN PAKISTAN PREVENTING YOUNG TERRORISTS FROM THEY HAVE NUCLEAR POWER. PRES NOT DOING ENOUGH TO PREVENT NEW TERRORISTS FROM PAKISTAN FROM GETTING TO US 14:32:21 QUESTION: WRT MADRAS- WHERE DO WE GET OFF TELLING PEOPLE ON HOW TO RUN THEIR SCHOOLS? 14:32:37 GEPHARDT: WHEN YOU HAVE SCHOOLS MANUFACTURING FACILITY ON TERRORISM FUNDED IN LARGE PART BY SOME MEMBERS OF SAUDI SOCIETY 14:33:03 LIEBERMAN: THE MOST SIGNIFICANT THREAT IS FROM FANAT ISLAMIC TERRORIST OBL DOES NOT CONTEMPLATE CONQUERING US. - MOST LIKELY CANDIDATES ARE PAKISTAN..WOEFULLY DISENGAGED FROM PLAYING THE CONSTRUCTIVE MEDIATIVE ROLE BETWEEN INDIA AND PAKISTAN 14:34:05 KERRY: THIS ADMIN NEGLIG ABSENT FROM PLAYING MEDIATIVE ROLE - SHOULD HAVE PURCHASED RUSSS...WORKED WITH INDIA TO CREATE A NUCLEAR OVERSIGHT CAPACITY - SHOULD REGIME FALL, NUCLEAR POWER NOT INTO WRONG HANDS...DEEPEST LEVEL OF FOREIGN POLICY EXPERIENCE SO THAT WE IN FACT FIGHT 14:35:07 DEAN: ONE QUICK POINT - THE WAR IS BETWEEN ISLAMIC RADICALS AND MODERATES. EVERYONE INCL. MODERATES HAVE INTEREST IN NOT I TOTALLY AGREE WITH COMMENTS ABOUT THE SAUDIS 14:35:43 MODERATOR: HOW DO YOU CONVINCE THEM NOT TO DO THAT? 14:35:51 DEAN - RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY WOULD GO ALONG WAY 14:36:06 CMB - IT HAS HAPPENED BEFORE THAT AFTER WW2 WE DID THIS MUCH FOR GERMANY AS WELL AS JAPAN THE KIND OF MILITARISM ...WAS ENDED TO USE OUR DIPLOMACY 14:36:44 KUCINICH - HOW MUCH CREDIB DO WE HAVE IN TEACHING PEACE WHEN WE..NEED TO DO THIS BY EXAMPLE, NEED TO ENGAGE THE WORLD LAND OF SCOTT KEYES OF HOME AND BRAVE 14:37:25 LIEBERMAN: HOW DO WE CONVINCE THEM OF THE SAUDIS BACK OF THE TIGERS THEY WILL BE OVERTHROWN GREAT VICTORY WILL BE TO EMPOWER ISLAMS TO LIVE FREER LIVES...ALLOW US TO HELP THEM ...INTERNATIONAL MARSHALL PLAN FOR THE MUSLIM WORLD 14:38:09 MODERATOR: TAIWAN HAS SCHEDULED PROV REFERENDUM LEAD THEM TO POLICY OF INDEPENDENCE- WHERE WILL YOU STAND? 14:38:37 KERRY- US HAS ALWAYS HAD 1 CHINA POLICY AT SAME TIME, NO PRES COULD ALLOW TAIWAN TO SLIP BACKWARDS FROM DEMOCRACY IT HAS ACHIEVED. CONSTRUCT AMBIGUITY AS TO WHAT STEPS WE'LL EXACTLY TAKE, BUT WILL TOLERATE NO INVASION. WHILE WE'RE SUPPORTIVE, NOT ACCEPTABLE TO DECLARE INDEPENDENCE... 14:39:48 LIEBERMAN - AMERICA IS ALWAYS STRONGEST WHEN WE STAND BY PRINCIPALS. CHINA IS NOT A DEMOCRACY TAIWAN IS. STARTLED WHEN PRES OF TAIWAN IN MIDST OF ELECTION CALLED FOR REFERENDUM WHEN MISSILES POINTED AT TAIWAN SHOULD BE REMOVED..BUSH TURNED HIS BACK 14:40:37 KERRY 0 SURELY YOU AGREE THEY SHOULD NOT BE ALLOWED TO DECLARE INEPT? 14:40:53 LIEBERMAN - YES BUT THIS WAS NOT A REFERENDUM ON INDEP BUT ON REMOVING MISSILES POINTED AT TAIWAN *****COMMERCIAL BREAK********' 14:43:31 DEAN FACT IS I WANT HEALTH INSUR. WE HAVE TO BALANCE THE BUDGET AND DECENT AMERICA FOR BASIC NEEDS TAKEN CARE OF WE NEED ..NO MIDDLE TAX CUT FOR AMERICANS. PROPERTY TAXES WENT UP .. ON BALANCE WHILE INDIVIDUALS WENT UP.. I BELIEVE WE CAN HAVE TH4E SAME TAXES AS WHEN CLINTON WAS IN 14:44:39 LIEBERMAN - ULTIMATELY HE WOULD REPEAL MIDDLE TAX CUTS. WOULD TAKE IT BACK FROM AVG NEW HAMP FAMILY $2000 PROPOSE NEW MIDDLE CLASS TAX CUT...MORE AND MORE NEED A BREATH 14:45:21 KUCINICH - DEAN AND IF PROP TAX WENT UP MAINLY BECAUSE O THE TAX CUTS ON RICH...AND HE REINSTATES THE MARRIAGE PENALTY.. DEAN HAS PROGRAM TO RAISE PEOPLE'S INCOME TAX BEYOND..INCREASE BURDEN 14:46:16 DEAN: I THINK WHAT JOHN JUST SAID. HOGWASH. REASON FOR TAXES THAT IS HIGHER IS BECAUSE HIGHER INSURANCE...THEY WILL HAVE HEALTH INS CAN GO TO COLLEGE..MAKE SURE ALL MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE CAN SEND THEIR KIDS TO COLLEGE 14:47:15 KERRY - NOT HOGWASH. ANGELA HAS HEALTHCARE IS GOING TO PAY ADDL $200 IN TAXES, THESE PEOPLE CAN'T AFFORD DEAN'S INCREASE IN TAXES 14:47:46 KUCINICH - BUSH CUTS HAVE MADE SHAMBLES OF OUR ECONOMY. I WOULD CREATE PROGRESSIVE TAX ON ALL FAMILIES CLOSE CORPOR TAX LOOPHOLES AND ELIMINATE CUTS ON WEALTHY 14:48:27 CMB - DENNIS IS RIGHT. CONVERSATION 80% PAY MORE IN PAYROLL TAX THAN THEIR INCOME TAX BECAUSE OF HEALTH CARE COST BECAUSE OF SHIFING OF NATIONAL TO LOCAL AND STATE GOVT EVERYTHING HAS GOING UP AND END OF PROGRESSIVITY 14:49:19 DEAN - I THINK WE NEED TO HELP EVERYONE WITH HEALTH INSURANCE - I WILL GIVE EVERY9ONE $3000 IN BENEFITS MORE THAN THE 500=-700 . I THINK THAT' S RISKY PROPOSAL IF WE'RE GOING TO UNDERMINE THE SS SYSTEM 14:49:59 KERRY - THAT WAS A PROPOSAL EARLIER 20% DON'T PAY SS BENEFITS..GIVE THEM DOES NOTHING TO UNDERMINE SS. HERE'S THE REALITY HERE IN IOWA TUITION HAS GONE UP 1800..YOU ARE GOING TO ADD TO THAT...MARRIAGE PENALTY REINSTATED 14:51:02 LIEBERMAN - WE ALL AGREE WE WANT TO DENY BUSH SECOND TERM. I NEVER HEARD OF WINNING ON TAX INCREASES. CHILD CARE, COST OF LIVING, NEED A TAX CUT. AM PROPOSING ADDITIONAL TAX CUT THAN DEAN 14:51:43 DEAN - FIRST, IF SOMEONE HAS 5 KIDS, SHE'S FAR BETTER OFF UNDER MY PLAN - THE ISSUE IS THAT TOO MANY POLITICIANS WHO PROMISE TOO MANY THINGS I WANT TO BALANCE THE BUDGET YOU CANNOT PROMISE AND SAY IT'LL ALL BE FINE. I WANT FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY AND HELP MIDDLE CLASS PEOPLE 14:52:47 MODERATOR: DEAN YOU MADE THE CAMPAIGN PROMISES - SURELY YOU WON'T BE ABLE TO PAY FOR THIS EVEN IF YOU REPEAL BUSH CUT? 14:53:14 DEAN: YES THERE IS $3 TRILLION 14:53:22 KUCINICH - IT'S INTERESTING TO HEAR GOV DEAN ASSERTION ABOUT BALANCING BUDGET WHEN HE REFUSES TO ADMIT THERE NEEDS TO BE CUTS IN PENTAGON BUDGET..THIS POINT TAKES 50% OF THE BUDGET IS TAKEN UP BY DEFENSE HOW DO BALANCE 14:53:50 NPR moderator notes that Kucinich is holding up a pie chart, "not entirely effective on the radio" 14:54:10 DEAN - THE REASON WHY WE CAN'T CUT PENTAGON BUDGET IS BECAUSE WE'RE NOT SAFE ENOUGH. I DON'T THINK WE SHOULD BUILD STAR WARS, BUT WE DON'T HAVE ADEQUATE INTELLIGENCE OR SPECIAL OPS FORCES..AND STILL PROTECT AMERICA 14:54:53 LIEBERMAN - SOMEONE MADE POINT ABOUT PAYING FOR,. MY TAX CUT WILL ASK THE TOP 2% TO PAY FOR IT IF YOU REPEAL LAST 2 YEAR'S CUTS, YOU ALSO LOSE INCENTIVES FOR SMALL BUSINESSES 14:55:35 CMB - UNDER LAST PRESIDENT WE HAD ECONOMY WORKING FOR ALL AMERICAN PEOPLE. NOW THE PERM PARTS WILL BENEFIT PEOPLE'S WHO NEED IT THE LEAST. WE DO NOT HAVE TAX FAIRNESS IS THE GOAL THAT 14:56:25 KERRY - ARE WE BETTER OFF TOMORROW BECAUSE THEY'RE GOING TO PAY ON TOP OF HEALTH CARE COSTS..IN BALANCING BUDGET IF THEY SAID 4 YEARS OR 5 YEARS. WE BALANCED THE BUDGET WITH CLINTON WE DON'T HAVE TO TAKE IT..WE CAN BALANCE THE BUDGET BUT CLOSE LOOPHOLES FOR CORPORATIONS IN BERMUDA... 14:57:26 MODERATOR: WANTED TO GET BACK TO GEPHARDT -- SAID YOU'RE READY TO TELL AMERICA IF THEY LIKE BUSH TAX CUTS VOTE FOR BUSH? 14:57:51 GEPH - OUT OF CONTEXT...IF WE'RE GOING TO BEAT BUSH WE HAVE TO TAKE HIM ON HEALTH CARE AND SOCIAL SEC. THE REPUBLICANS HAVE WANTED TO GET RID OF SS -- HOWARD'S POSITION ON MEDICARE WILL NOT LET US BEAT BUSH.. HE SAID MEDICARE WAS THE WORST FED PROGRAM EVER. ******COMMERCIAL BREAK********* 15:00:14 15:08:32

FTG OF PRESIDENT GEORGE W BUSH REMARKS TO TROOPS IN ELMENDORF, ALASKA / FTG OF AIR FORCE ONE (AF1) ARRIVALS 18:42:12 this is a vital mission and You are helping to carry out this vital mission. Since September 11th, 2001, thousands of men and women from Elmendorf, Fort Richardson, U.S. Army Alaska, and the Alaska National Guard have served in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other fronts in the war on terror. 18:42:27 The 517th Airlift Squadron has served for over a year in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. 18:42:39 Crews from the 68th Medical Company have saved the lives of our injured and wounded in Afghanistan. The 172nd Stryker Brigade Combat Team is taking the fight to the enemy with Task Force Freedom in Mosul. 18:42:55 Soldiers of the 95th Chemical Company are in Kuwait dealing with port de-contamination and hazardous material operations. 18:43:06 And the Fourth Battalion of the 123rd Aviation Regiment has been flying support missions throughout Iraq and Kuwait. From the deserts of Iraq to the mountains of Afghanistan, America's Arctic Warriors are leaving their mark - and a legacy of freedom. 18:43:34 Each of you is a volunteer. You stepped forward and took an oath to defend America. And every day you put on your uniforms, you reflect our Nation's highest values and our greatest hopes. 18:43:50 Through your hard work and dedication to duty, you are sacrificing to build a better and safer world for all Americans. 18:44:01 And as you defend our freedom, the American people stand with you. 18:44:16 Every man and woman who volunteers to defend our Nation deserves an unwavering commitment to the mission - and a clear strategy for victory. 18:44:27 And a clear strategy begins with a clear understanding of the enemy we face. For more than four years, we have seen the brutal nature of the terrorists. 18:44:38 They have targeted the innocent many countries, people from most every walk of life. In Casablanca, they killed diners enjoying their evening meal. In Bali, they killed tourists on holiday. 18:44:59 In Beslan, they killed Russian school children. They have murdered workers in Riyadh . commuters in Madrid . hotel guests in Jakarta . guests at a wedding celebration in Amman . they Iraqi children. 18:45:19 The tragic images of innocent victims can make it seem like these terrorist attacks are random, isolated acts of madness. 18:45:28 While these killers choose their victims indiscriminately, their attacks flow from an ideology and a terrifying vision for the world. Their acts are evil, but they are not insane. 18:45:46 Some call this evil Islamic radicalism; others, militant Jihadism; still others, Islamo-fascism. 18:45:51 Whatever we choose to call this enemy, we must recognize that this ideology is very different from the tenets of the great religion of Islam. 18:46:03 This form of radicalism exploits Islam to serve a violent, political vision: the establishment - by terrorism, subversion, and insurgency - of a totalitarian empire that denies all political and religious freedom. 18:46:24 We know the vision of the radicals because they openly state it - in videos, audiotapes, letters, declarations, and websites. 18:46:38 These extremists want to end American and Western influence in the broader Middle East, because we stand for democracy and peace and stand in the way of their ambitions. 18:46:51 The tactics of al-Qaida and other Islamic extremists have been consistent for a quarter-century: They hit us, and they expect us to run. 18:47:05 The terrorists witnessed our response after the attacks on American troops in Beirut in 1983 and Mogadishu in 1993, and they concluded that America can be made to run again - 18:47:20 only this time on a larger scale, with greater consequences. The terrorists are mistaken. 18:47:28 America will never run. We will stand . we will fight . and we will win the war on terror. 18:47:50 The terrorists want to use the vacuum that would be created by an American retreat to gain control of a country - to build a base from which to launch attacks and conduct their war against America and non-radical Muslim governments. 18:48:11 that's what they tell us. That's their stated goal. Over the past few decades, radicals have specifically targeted Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, and Jordan for potential takeover. 18:48:23 And for a time, they achieved their goal in Afghanistan - until they came face to face with the men and women of our Armed Forces. 18:48:43 In Afghanistan, we put the terrorists on the run - we routed them, and now they have set their sights on another country. 18:48:53 They are trying to turn Iraq into what Afghanistan was under the Taliban - a terrorist sanctuary from which they can plan and launch attacks against our people. 18:49:05 The terrorists regard Iraq as the central front in their war against humanity. And we must recognize Iraq as the central front in our war on terror. 18:49:18 These militants believe that controlling one country will rally the Muslim masses, enabling them to overthrow moderate governments in the region - 18:49:27 and establish a radical Islamic empire that reaches from Spain to Indonesia. 18:49:35 If they are not stopped, the terrorists will be able to advance their agenda: to develop weapons of mass destruction . to destroy Israel . to intimidate Europe . to break our will and blackmail our government into isolation. 18:49:50 I make you a solemn commitment: That's not gonna happen so long as I'm the President of the United States. 18:50:15 Some might be tempted to dismiss the terrorist goals as fanatical or extreme. 18:50:19 They are fanatical and extreme - but we cannot afford to dismiss them. 18:50:26 Evil men, obsessed with ambition and unburdened by conscience, must be taken very seriously. Against such an enemy, there is only one effective response: 18:50:39 We will never back down, we will never give in, we will never accept anything less than complete victory. 18:50:59 We didn't ask for this global struggle, but we are answering history's call with confidence - and with a comprehensive strategy to win this war: 18:51:14 First, we are determined to prevent attacks by terrorist networks - by protecting the homeland, and working with our allies to destroy the terrorist networks and incapacitate their leadership. 18:51:29 Together with our coalition partners, we have disrupted a number of serious al-Qaida terrorist plots since September 11th - including several al-Qaida plots on our homeland. Our coalition against terror has killed or captured nearly all those directly responsible for the September 11th attacks 18:52:03 we've killed or captured several of bin Laden's most senior deputies . and al-Qaida managers and operatives in countries all around the world. And we will stay on the hunt. 18:52:25 We will not relent until the terror networks that threaten us are exposed and broken - and their leaders held to account for their murder. 18:52:41 Second, we are determined to deny weapons of mass destruction to outlaw regimes, and to their terrorist allies who would use them without hesitation. 18:52:53 Working with Great Britain, Pakistan, and other nations, we exposed and disrupted a major black-market operation in nuclear technology led by A.Q. Khan. 18:53:03 Libya has abandoned its chemical and nuclear weapons programs - as well as its long-range ballistic missiles. 18:53:12 And in the last year, America and our partners in the Proliferation Security Initiative have stopped more than a dozen shipments of suspect weapons technology - including equipment for Iran's ballistic missile program. 18:53:28 we will continue to deny the world's most dangerous men the world's most dangerous weapons. 18:53:39 Third, we are determined to deny radical groups the support and sanctuary of outlaw regimes. So I have laid out a clear doctrine: 18:53:48 The United States makes no distinction between those who commit acts of terror and those who support and harbor the terrorists - because they are equally guilty of murder. 18:54:10 Any government that chooses to be an ally of terror has also chosen to be an enemy of civilization - and the civilized world will hold those regimes to account. 18:54:22 Fourth, we are determined to deny the militants control of any nation, which they would use as a home base and launching pad for terror. 18:54:33 This mission has brought new and urgent responsibilities to all of you who wear the uniform. 18:54:39 American troops are fighting beside our Afghan partners against remnants of the Taliban and their al-Qaida allies. 18:54:46 And you are fighting alongside courageous Iraqis against the remnants of a regime and a network of terrorists who want to stop the advance of a free Iraq. 18:54:55 Our goal is to defeat the terrorists and their allies at the heart of their power - and so we will defeat the enemy in Iraq. 18:55:07 As we pursue the terrorists, we have a strategy to go forth: our military is helping to train Iraqi security forces so that they can defend their people and take the fight to the enemy. 18:55:20 We are making steady progress. With every passing month, more and more Iraqi forces are standing up, and the Iraqi military is gaining new capabilities and new confidence. 18:55:33 At the time of our Fallujah operations just a year ago, there were only a few Iraqi army battalions in combat. 18:55:42 Today, there are nearly 90 Iraqi army battalions fighting the terrorists alongside our forces. 18:55:48 American and Iraqi troops are conducting several major assaults to clear out enemy fighters in Baghdad and other parts of Iraq. Iraqi police and security forces are helping clear the terrorists from their strongholds . hold onto areas we have cleared . and prevent the enemy from returning. 18:56:06 Our strategy can be summed up this way: As the Iraqis stand up, we will stand down. And when our commanders on the ground tell me that the Iraqi forces can defend their freedom, our troops will come home with the honor they have earned. The second part of our strategy is a political strategy. Iraqis are also making inspiring progress toward building a democracy. A month ago, millions of Iraqis turned out to vote for a constitution that guarantees fundamental freedoms and lays a foundation for lasting democracy. 18:56:59 In a few weeks, Iraqis will vote again - to choose a fully constitutional government to lead them for the next four years. 18:57:09 this country is making amazing progress from going from the thumb of a dictating tyrant. 18:57:38 the Iraqi people are proving their determination to build a future founded on democracy and hope - and the United States of America will help them succeed. 18:57:59 The fifth element of our strategy in the war on terror is to deny the militants future recruits - by replacing hatred and resentment with democracy and hope across the broader Middle East. 18:58:13 If the Middle East is left to grow in bitterness . if countries remain in misery, while radicals stir the resentments of millions . then that part of the world will be a source of endless conflict and mounting danger. 18:58:27 If the peoples of that region are permitted to choose their own destiny . and advance by their own energy and participation as free men and free women . then the extremists will be marginalized - and the flow of violent radicalism to the rest of the world will slow, and eventually end. 18:58:48 History has proven that free nations are peaceful nations, and that democracies do not fight their neighbors. 18:58:57 By advancing the hope of freedom and democracy for others, we make our own freedom more secure. 18:59:15 The work ahead involves great risk. A time of war is a time of sacrifice - and the greatest burden falls on our military families. 18:59:27 We have lost some of our Nation's finest men and women in the war on terror. Each of these men and women left grieving families and loved ones back home. Each loss is heartbreaking. The best way to honor the sacrifices of our fallen troops is to complete the mission and lay the foundation of peace generations to come. 19:00:09 The outcome of this war will affect every single American. And that makes it a subject of vital debate ­-- and it is important to be clear about the facts. 19:00:23 When our Nation was attacked on September the 11, leaders of both parties recognized a new reality - if we wait for threats to fully materialize, we will have waited too long. 19:00:42 We had to take a hard look at every threat to America -­ and when we did, one stood apart ­. Saddam Hussein. 19:01:00 Under Saddam's dictatorship, Iraq was the only country in the world where American military pilots faced regular attack. 19:01:05 Iraq was the only country that had used chemical weapons on its own people ... invaded its neighbors ... and fought a war against the United States and a great coalition. 19:01:19 Iraq was one of only seven countries listed as a state sponsor of terror - and it was judged by intelligence agencies around the globe to possess weapons of mass destruction. 19:01:35 After more than a decade of diplomacy, we gave Saddam Hussein a final chance to comply with the United Nations Security Council resolutions ordering him to disclose, disarm, or face serious consequences. 19:01:53 When he refused, we had a choice: Do we take the word of a madman and forget the lessons of September the 11th - or do we take action to defend our country? Given that choice, I will defend America every time. 19:02:24 Combat forces of the United States, Great Britain, Australia, Poland, and other countries enforced the demands of the United Nations -­ and put an end to Saddam's regime. 19:02:36 Because we acted, the Iraqi people now live in freedom ­- and the American people are safer. 19:02:45 Reasonable people can disagree about the conduct of the war -­ but it is irresponsible for Democrats to now claim that we misled them and the American people. 19:03:00 Leaders in my Administration and members of Congress from both parties looked at the same intelligence on Iraq -­ and reached the same conclusion: Saddam Hussein was a threat. 19:03:19 Let me give you quotes from three senior Democrats: First, quote, "There is unmistakable evidence that Saddam Hussein is working aggressively to develop nuclear weapons." End quote. 19:03:36 another senior democrat leader one, quote, "The war against terrorism will not be finished as long as [Saddam Hussein] is in power." End quote. 19:03:51 here's the way another Democratic leader summed it up, quote, "Saddam Hussein, in effect, has thumbed his nose at the world community. And I think that the President's approaching this in the right fashion." 19:04:08 They spoke the truth then, and they're speaking politics now. 19:04:28 The truth is that investigations of the intelligence on Iraq have concluded that only one person manipulated evidence and misled the world -­ and that person was Saddam Hussein. 19:04:37 In early 2004, when weapons inspector David Kay testified that he had not found weapons of mass destruction in Iraq, he also testified that, quote, "Iraq was in clear material violation of UN Security Council Resolution 1441. 19:04:56 They maintained programs and activities, and they certainly had the intentions at a point to resume their programs. 19:05:04 So there was a lot they wanted to hide because it showed what they were doing that was illegal." 19:05:11 Eight months later, weapons inspector Charles Duelfer issued a report that found, quote, "Saddam Hussein so dominated the Iraqi Regime that its strategic intent was his alone. 19:05:23 He wanted to end sanctions while preserving the capability to reconstitute his weapons of mass destruction when the sanctions were lifted." 19:05:38 Some of our elected leaders have opposed this war all along. I disagree with them, but I respect their willingness to take a consistent stand. 19:05:46 some Democrats who voted to authorize the use of force are now rewriting the past. They are playing politics with this issue and sending mixed signals to our troops and the enemy. And That's is irresponsible. 19:06:04 As our troops fight a ruthless enemy determined to destroy our way of life, they deserve to know that their elected leaders who voted to send them to war continue to stand behind them. 19:06:30 Our troops deserve to know that this support will remain firm when the going gets tough. 19:06:38 And our troops deserve to know that whatever our differences in Washington, our will is strong, our nation is united, and we will settle for nothing less than victory. 19:06:59 Thanks to our men and women in uniform, the Iraqi and Afghan people are building democracies and as they do so, inspiring people across the broader Middle East - and freedom's advance has only just begun. 19:07:18 In our lifetime, we have seen the power of freedom to conquer evil, and take root in previously unfamiliar soil. 19:07:23 Freedom is the mightiest force of history - because the desire for liberty is embedded in the soul of every man, woman, and child on the face of this earth. 19:07:43 If we are steadfast, if we do our duty, this young century will be freedom's century - and we will have done our duty by laying the foundations of peace for generations to come. Laura and I are honored to be here with those who wear our nation's uniform. And those who honor those in uniform God bless all those who serve our Nation, and God continue to Bless the United States of America. Thank you very much. 19:08:29 end 19:08:41 Laura and POTUS shake hands on stage 19:09:10 POTUS waves to crowd, shakes a few kids' hands 19:09:38 continues gladhanding off-stage for a few minutes 19:16:32 final wave, exits out of view

ABC NEWS "EARTH 2100" INTERVIEW WITH THOMAS HOMER DIXON PRODUCER: LINDA HIRSH MEDIA ID: R09_0012.MP3 LINDA: 07:00:04;05 So if we could break down some of these stresses and start dealing with the future and scenarios in w-- ho-- what is gonna-- what's expected in terms of global population trends (NOISE) in the next 50 years? And how will that increase stresses on the world? THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:00:22;29 Population experts, demographers, will say that we'll probably peak with-- with global population at somewhere around nine billion people in the latter part of this century-- 2060-2070, somewhere in there. Now we currently have 6.5-6.6 billion people on the planet. So that means we have another two and a half billion people to add. Almost all of that extra population is going to come in poor countries. About 95 percent of that growth is going to happen in-- in poor countries that are already in many cases straining with large populations and economies that are having difficulty meeting the needs of those large populations. 07:01:05;02 In the rich parts of the world, we're going to see almost static population growth. In other words rich countries have around 1.2 billion people right at the moment. And in 2050-2060 we'll still have around 1.2 billion people. Now that-- that differential between parts of the world that are rich with static or even in some cases declining populations and parts of the world that are poor with rapidly go-- growing populations, will produce a-- a movement of people from the poor parts of the planet to the rich part of the planet that will be much larger than anything that we've seen in the past. 07:01:41;02 So if we're concerned about immigration issues now, and large scale migrations around the world, we should get prepared for much larger movements of people in the future because of the growing imbalance in terms of population numbers between rich and poor. LINDA: 07:01:57;07 And-- and add to that-- climate change (NOISE) (UNINTEL). THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:02:01;21 At the same time in many of those poor countries you've got whole series of stresses developing. In particular in much of the world the landscape is very badly damaged. The land has been deforested. There have been-- there are shortages of water. The crop land is poor and overused in many cases. And because the populations are large there's often just not a lot of crop land and other resources to go around. 07:02:32;27 Water in many places is very scarce now. About-- a third of the world's population by 2025 will lea-- (CLEARS THROAT) sorry-- (CLEARS THROAT)-- water in many places is very scarce now. About a third of the world's population by 2025 will live in areas under water stress. You add on top of that climate change. We don't know exactly how it's going to affect specific areas in the world. Our models aren't good enough yet to-- to be able to show us what's going to happen in a particular place in Africa or a particular place in India or China. 07:03:06;14 But we can expect that in general extreme events of various kinds will become much more frequent. Larger storms. More extreme droughts and heat waves. And floods. This combination of factors in poor countries already stressed landscapes, forests and water resources and climate change that is going to-- that is going to increase the frequency of extreme events will put such stress on these societies that that will probably encourage yet more people to migrate from poor countries to rich countries. 07:03:39;07 And in many cases it-- these material stresses, these environmental and resource stresses in poor countries could actually cause them to start falling apart, to-- to break down, to suffer really serious civil instability, revolutions, ethnic clashes, rebellions and insurgencies, terrorism of various kinds. And as those governments weaken, as those societies and governments weaken-- you're going to find again larger movements of people potentially from poor countries to rich countries. LINDA: 07:04:09;19 And in-- in terms of how that collapse, those failing-- failed states, what's that gonna look like? Can you be specific in where that might happen? The-- if you imagine what that's gonna be like, what do you-- what do you think (UNINTEL). THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:04:24;13 The most extreme form of this kind of disintegration that we could see in poor countries we may be seeing in places like Somalia, and Haiti right now-- especially in Somalia. It's a region of the world where you-- essentially have had no state functioning for a long period of time, well over a decade, now. 07:04:44;18 You could see societies-- carved up into war lording thiefdoms where you have strong men in control of certain p-- patches of territory-- with strong allegiance from their populations locally but constant fighting at the boundaries of those-- of-- of those warlord areas. I think you're going to see increasingly that these very large cities, the mega-cities in developing countries that have been sustained by enormous inputs of energy will be unsustainable in the future. 07:05:15;18 They will probably become smaller. People will move out of those cities eventually into the countryside. But that's not going to be a straightforward and simple process. There could be a large amount of violence involved. And one of the complicating factors, of course, is that those large cities with all of their extended squatter settlements and slums are often surrounding the seat of government; the parliament buildings, the executive offices. 07:05:40;22 And-- and so f-- frequently the governments are quite accessible to increasingly angry people who will try to attack the government, change the government in various ways. Now, all of this means that l-- large swaths of the world, big areas of the world over time, may become not only more unstable but you might actually just see complete government failure in those areas. 07:06:07;10 And-- and we have learned what the results of instability in distant places of the world can be. It's frequently in those places where groups that want to hurt us back in our wealthy societies take root, develop their networks and-- and then extend their power and their threat around the world; Al Qaida being an example. It's where there's no-- there's no writ of government. There's no rule of law that we find in many cases the worst criminality, the development of underground economies, great deals of violence and perhaps the-- the development-- the taking root of terrorist groups. 07:06:49;03 And-- and so that's not good for us. We can't assume that these distant problems in places in the world that many of us have never heard of are relevant to the wellbeing of ourselves and our children. They're actually directly relevant. We live on a very, very small planet now. And with the problems in a place like Afghanistan we learned can come and affect us right here in a place like New York. LINDA: 07:07:10;26 So-- so you see the threat of terrorism growing? 07:07:13;17 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) LINDA: 07:07:30;21 So in terms of, like, what you foresee when you look into the future more terrorism given the stresses that we're gonna be facing? THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:07:38;05 One of the trends that's really clear when you look across history is the increasing technological capability of small groups of people to hurt or kill larger numbers of people in shorter periods of time. As weapons have improved over time they've generally become cheaper, more robust, easier to use. 07:08:00;04 If you look at something like the movement from bolt action rifles to assault rifles to machine guns-- now it's possible for an insurgent group to take down a-- an advanced help with a rocket propelled grenade that-- and the advanced helicopter might co-- cost several million dollars and the rocket propelled grenade, launcher and all, might cost-- a couple thousand dollars. This imbalance-- between-- the increasing imbalance between the capability of use of violence cheaply by small groups of people, and the kind of elaborate apparatus the governments and militaries have to have to protect themselves and societies have to have to protect themselves-- here we have somebody with some plastic explosives in a shoe flying across the north Atlantic who was discovered before he blew up the plane. 07:08:50;00 But now in response to that one possible threat we've had to change our security procedures in airports. We've had to introduce all kinds of new rules and machinery and become much more complex. So there's an asymmetry. There's an imbalance in-- in these trends. It's the-- in a sense it's easier to attack than defend as these technologies develop. And this seems to be a trend that is unstoppable. Over time we can expect that small groups of people will get hold of weapons that can do enormous damage. In fact for the first time in history, now, for the first time in history-- 07:09:29;17 (OFF-MIC COMMENT) THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:09:34;06 Over time we can expect that this trend in technological development will continue. In fact for the first time in history we're in a situation where small groups of people can potentially destroy whole cities. That's unprecedented. That one fact alone will make the future different from the past. 07:09:51;20 Now I don't think that that's a high probability outcome. I'm not sure exactly when and where it's going to happen. But, I think that overall if we go out far enough into the future the chances of some group using a weapon of mass destruction-- a biological chemical or nuclear weapon in one of our major cities around the world is-- is very high. And that will change the ballgame for all of humanity. 07:10:18;26 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) LINDA: 07:10:23;23 In terms of-- that notion that in order just to maintain the status quo we're going to protect what we have-- THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:10:31;09 Right. LINDA: 07:10:31;12 We're going to invest more and more-- you know, create more and more complex systems, and how that-- makes us vulnerable. THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:10:40;25 Okay-- in general as we face difficult problems in our societies, whether they're economic problems, ecological problems, climate change-- terrorism, our standard response is to introduce more complexity. We-- we-- we've introduced new burea-- bureaucracy and new institution. We figure out some new fancy technologies to try to solve the problem. And-- and that's-- that's been true throughout human history. 07:11:09;02 One of the reasons that we approach our challenges in this way is because we don't want to change any of our deeper habits and procedures because we're just used to doing things in a certain way. We don't want to go back to-- some of the sources of our problems or the root causes or-- adapt ourselves in any really fundamental way because that means we'd be challenging powerful groups, interest groups and special interests that want to keep things the way they are right now. 07:11:38;19 So what we tend to do is we respond with what I call a "management approach." We tend to-- we tend to add on a new layer of bureaucracy, or a new layer of technology to a system that already exists without disturbing anything in the core of that system. And over time, as we add these layers on, the whole system becomes more and more complex, ultimately more rigid and more vulnerable in-- in a changing world that's full of unexpected surprises and shocks to some kind of breakdown. LINDA: 07:12:10;13 So in terms of, say-- so what do you imagine in the future? Where-- if we don't-- you know, given planet change-- that if we-- if we don't make these (UNINTEL) major changes in the way we consume things or-- what-- what-- we're gonna be-- what's gonna happen? We're gonna be adding these complexities? THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:12:32;17 I think our early responses, and this may go on for quite a while to our climate change problem which really is perhaps one of the most serious threats to human wellbeing ever to come along-- our early responses will be in a sense more of the same kinda management techniques that we've adopted to deal with other problems in the past. 07:12:51;25 We'll-- we'll try to create institutions that-- that govern carbon dioxide emissions, and monitor it and-- and markets that allow us to buy and sell carbon emission credits and that kinda thing, all of which I think may actually be a good idea. But, overall you'll find that the system becomes more complex. And until we have a crisis of some kind, I don't think we're going to be motivated to make the really deep changes in our-- in-- in the way we use energy, the technologies we use, the density of our cities, our travel patterns. 07:13:24;23 And it's-- it's crisis that will ultimately really discredit special interests. We'll show that the way we've done things in the past and those groups that want to maintain things the way they are now are no longer viable, can no longer be sustained and we have to move to something very different. But human beings only really are prepared for that kind of change when the writing's on the wall, when there's a sharp, sudden shock or crisis that makes people wake up and say, "Okay, now we have to change." LINDA: 07:13:51;22 And by then it might be too late. THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:13:53;17 The real problem here, of course, is that with a problem like climate change-- with a challenge like climate change-- the-- the climate has a lot of momentum in it. Once it gets moving in a certain direction and gets well down that road it may not be easy to re-- reverse its path. Once our ice sheets in the Arctic and the Antarctic in places like Greenland and the West Antarctic start to melt it's not gonna be easy to turn that process around. 07:14:21;23 So if the crisis comes too late, if the shock that really motivates to do s-- something comes, say, several decades from now or even maybe 20 years from now and we haven't made by that point really deep changes in our carbon emissions and our energy use, it may not be actually possible at that point to turn things around. We may have already committed the climate to long-term change that will last over centuries; much higher sea levels, larger storms-- perhaps a world in which it's much more difficult to produce all the food we need for a population that's heading towards nine billion people. LINDA: 07:14:57;22 And in terms of-- Rome, did they-- I mean, do you see them as having faced similar threats? I mean, what-- what are the (UNINTEL) that we can find-- in terms of-- (UNINTEL) terrorism, you know, a growing gap between rich and poor or-- 07:15:15;11 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:15:36;12 In many ways the Roman Empire, especially the western Roman Empire between about 100 and 500 A.D. exhibit a lot of the challenges and problems that (HORN)-- that we see around the world today. It was a-- a tightly coupled-- Mediterranean wide economy. It was kind of a precursor of our globalized economy. 07:15:58;24 The Romans had stripped the landscape bare of forest across much of the Mediterranean and they'd actually changed the climate locally because when you take the forest away it changes-- it changes the cycle of water in the atmosphere and the land, and makes things drier. The landscape had eroded. Population had grown very large. Its cities were huge. 07:16:19;15 The-- the management of the empire had become very complex. It-- it had a big army to protect its distant frontiers. And all of these things in some sense we're seeing right now. What happened in Rome during those centuries was an in-- was a process of-- of becoming more and more complex, of using more high-quality energy to maintain that complexity an in-- an increasing rigidification of the system so that it was-- it was brittle over time. It was less able to withstand shocks. There was no buffering capacity. 07:16:53;12 In fact-- in fact when Rome ran out of empires to conquer to pay its bills and to-- to maintain the complexity in its society-- it started to have to live off the energy it generated every year just from growing its own crops. And that was barely enough to survive. It had no buffering capacity for shocks. If something surprising happened, like a plague or a-- or a-- an-- an attack from an enemy, or a drought or something, it had no reserves that it could fall back on to sustain itself. 07:17:26;08 In this-- in many ways we have created similar sorts of situation in the world today. We've created a-- a world of enormous interconnection-- where problems can spread from one kind-- one side of the planet to another in the blink of an eye-- connected in ways that are quite similar to the way Rome was connected together in the Mediterranean basin. 07:17:49;14 We're going through a similar kind of wrenching energy transition. We've degraded many of our resources, our environmental resources, our landscape in many places. We have enormous cities that are sustained by inputs of energy and resources from-- from around the planet, just the way R-- Roman cities were sustained by energy and resources from around the Mediterranean. All of those thing are parallels. In the same time we've created a global system that in many respects is rigid and is brittle and that doesn't have a lot of buffering capacity to deal with shocks. 07:18:25;00 Now what happened in Rome towards the end of the second century-- the third century-- what happened in Rome towards the end of the third century was that a-- all of these pressures had come together to produce kind of a-- a-- an-- an insipient collapse. The-- for a period of about 70 years between 200 and 300 A.D. the-- the-- Rome was really on the ropes. 07:18:51;08 There were a couple of dozen different emperors in power. There was violence across the empire. Some sections of the empire wanted to secede. The economy was in terrible shape. There were droughts and plagues. Towards the end of the third century-- so, 284 A.D., an emperor came to power by the name of Diocletian who recognized the chronic challenge that Rome faced and decided to approach it in a really fundamental way. He realized that the-- the government in Rome did not have sufficient resources to sustain itself, to-- to run its cities, to run its bureaucracy, to maintain the army. 07:19:34;28 And so he sent surveyors out across the landscape of the Mediterranean to identify every patch of agricultural land available, and to make sure that everyone of those patches of agricultural land was assigned to a particular farmer or village so that grain could be produced. And in this way he was able to dramatically increase the extraction of energy from the countryside to maintain the complexity of Roman bureaucracy, its large cities and to maintain its military. 07:20:06;08 The result was a stabilization of Rome well into the fourth century A.D., so, until 370 or so. But the tax rates were so high on the peasantry, the farmers across the Mediterranean, that populations started to collapse in the countryside. Farmers abandoned their land, and ultimately Rome was not able to extract energy to maintain itself. And that was when-- really when you saw the final decline of Rome that led to its ultimate collapse in the west in 476 A.D. 07:20:42;10 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) LINDA: 07:20:47;12 In terms of-- we were talking-- I'm gonna go-- switch gears a little bit-- THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:20:51;29 Yep. LINDA: 07:20:52;04 We were talking about migrations, and I wanted you-- how-- both the population (UNINTEL) resource depletion and climate change you're gonna see these movements. How-- imagine we're in 2015 or 2050, say, and we've got millions of people. What-- what are we gonna see in-- in the U.S.? What are we gonna see in Europe? Is-- 07:21:12;17 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) LINDA: 07:21:45;12 So-- so what do you see in-- in 2050? Let-- let's just go there in terms of the whole-- what do you see as happening? What's the world gonna be like to be living in it in 2050? THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:21:57;15 If we make the wrong choices over the next few years, as we get out I think towards the middle of this century we're going to see a lot of these converging stresses combine in ways that will produce real havoc around the world. We're going to see-- major social breakdown and violence in poor countries, many parts of the world, literally written off and largely ignored. Maybe we won't even be able to know what's going on there because communication lines will have broken down in parts of Africa and parts of Asia. 07:22:31;03 We'll have retreated, perhaps, into our-- into our societies, tried to build walls around them literally-- barriers to keep people from flooding across the borders. We're already starting to see some of that kind of stuff now. And then the communities within our own societies who are poorer and have been left out of the opportunity and prosperity that we've seen in those societies will-- will-- be sources of real instability, potentially. 07:23:02;15 In places like Europe those splits are likely to be-- largely racial and religious in character. The-- the African and Islamic populations within Europe are going to already-- we're already seeing that they are-- largely located in slum settlements around the major cities in France. They're already sources of instability. We see a lot of violence-- in those areas because of chronic unemployment. 07:23:32;10 And as we get out towards the middle of the-- the century I think we-- we would find that that kind of internal split between racial groups, between religious groups within our societies could become much worse. And the result ultimately could be a loss of freedom in our democratic societies-- that we could see-- authoritarian responses, both to protect our societies from external threats from large numbers of people coming across our borders-- from the possibility of disease coming across our borders from places where healthcare systems have broken down. 07:24:05;18 But we could also see a loss of freedoms internally as a result of-- of-- in-- rivalry between groups and violence and criminality within our societies as it becomes more and more difficult for certain groups to take care of themselves and prosper, and as anger builds up within our societies. So one of the things I fear the most is that the freedoms we cherish and the demo-- democratic liberty and opportunities that we cherish in our societies may be one of the-- the major casualties of these long-term trends. 07:24:41;19 Because when people are scared and when they're frustrated and when they feel threatened by other groups they will turn to government and say, "Protect us. Do whatever it takes to make sure that we're going to be okay." And whatever it takes may involve-- crackdowns of various kinds, police interventions-- and the suspension of various freedoms and liberties that we take for granted right now. LINDA: 07:25:17;29 In terms of-- 07:25:19;09 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) LINDA: 07:25:30;16 What do you see as-- the first signs that-- that maybe-- that people will wake up and realize-- the first things that might happen in the developed world, you know? THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:25:41;14 Right. If somebody had said 10 years ago that climate change would be a-- a central issue in popular discussion and the political discussion in many developed countries and many rich countries by 2008 I-- I think many of us would have said, "That's impossible." Because, environmental issues have chronically been on the boundaries of-- of our political radar screens. But now we have two presidential candidates-- 07:26:12;19 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) THOMAS HOMER DIXON: 07:26:20;20 But now we have political leaders-- including-- the new President of the United States who are explicitly committed to doing something about climate change and who are saying at least publicly that this is one of the major problems that humankind faces. That's a remarkable charge. It's happened for a whole bunch of reasons. Because of Katrina. Because of new science. Because of the work of people like Al Gore. 07:26:53;25 But I think as much as anything else one of the remarkable things about our world wired together the way it is with the web and the Internet is that people can actually learn really fast about what's going on, and popular movements can take flight very quickly because of the good kind of connectivity we have in terms of information flows and electrics-- electronic connectivity among us. 07:27:17;07 And that-- and that's something that has allowed us to compress the speed of social change so that potentially we-- our societies are much more able to pivot to respond quickly to allow for the mobilization of populations to-- to demand from political leaders that things be changed, that problems be addressed. 07:27:39;18 Now let's face it, our political leaders would not be talking about climate change unless they recognize that there was a big constituency out there of people who are concerned about this problem. So ultimately whether we're going to see the social responses we want to the challenges we face is going to be a problem with democratic mobilization. 07:28:01;02 And one of the things that perhaps makes that mobilization a lot faster and easier now and that we're seeing with something like climate change is the fact that we have the Internet and we're able to talk to each other, connect with each other, learn about problems and mobilize much more quickly than we were able to in the past. 07:28:18;03 (OFF-MIC CONVERSATION) * * *END OF AUDIO* * * * * *END OF TRANSCRIPT* * *